8 b, n; U5 b% b0 s/ o9 C7 M3 y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 7 E6 v/ `9 q6 q( T/ e( w5 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, : B: }* J( w8 w( c3 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ) z% T! _- i. R- I+ F+ M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,7 l; z4 b3 k1 d" F; r! y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
$ @ z# F& \; E. _ ?9 M, _2 K! |5 @$ c
, Y8 _. t) o& `. ~) w6 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ' q) G9 L6 W4 V# E. o2 m' |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ! V" g: ]7 [8 V& Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
, ?' m8 q% O2 K0 Y5 P; j4 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, & X+ N% }* W/ _5 S2 {6 u7 {7 Z; W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 1 N% `, Q" P2 \/ n0 i/ I. ?. |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" z8 n9 A9 k c/ Y; t8 o& `7 t
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 v. ~0 t' g7 x; K0 M) U# pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, & q$ P" L1 H2 s. D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
& u& L* F: x' O 0 g/ p# F/ H( s$ X$ Q
5 B$ d& Q9 i% Z/ {& J" C% R4 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因," `; [+ \$ ^8 P
0 Y l" s8 e% ^' |8 @( p- Q0 X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
" O! H) L% P: q) c4 S! L' P : M b6 o4 ?' S t
3 c2 e: t: X+ ~. ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( o* ^# z8 u7 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ - V6 _7 A0 n) }: n2 k$ V1 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 0 B a+ D& S% a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ # P. b- j5 Y% C/ K( p6 x* J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ) b! C5 @2 A. w3 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! T. c6 c$ |: r" ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 0 k6 H& l, V7 Y+ ]6 Z& S" x; Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ; t; _" t/ u5 ^+ c P" T5 g5 }; B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 n. [5 R& K, u5 F9 g; M
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,) F9 E& ?3 r0 C. n$ o; [& ]6 Q q, J+ [$ ^
0 F0 r0 F2 r9 e5 L3 j/ Q* A2 r+ u" M
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 J* g/ n# I3 F+ |7 O2 s) D$ I+ C5 p3 [
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, , O/ ^" S- Q, V1 h5 `5 {2 ?
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 m6 z9 j; @3 y4 ]: X, d& r1 J
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 6 l* ]3 P5 H; a3 j$ @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: - H# @; B* x Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ ; f- O. n" u3 [0 B% fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? * V8 `* F) j' J, v- l3 N2 y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 1 H) a) o4 J- P7 `7 W8 }+ z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, , |1 W9 K u* l* j- b+ N5 x9 M9 X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
$ x: w: _) Z, y5 n
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
% L& L2 {1 |9 b0 O3 I; S4 o) G + k% P( W# A: z3 p% I* u6 A+ R
g! I8 e i; r( f. G' i. D
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 , C% x1 u; V( A# T8 W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, / }, {" P% O, e; e! E t8 b* x
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- A0 E, ~, x% v! B+ v$ k
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
2 Y) U$ G, p! \5 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 6 g/ W( ~) `5 C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 8 A$ K! O6 u. c/ R2 E% _
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
. Q' y$ ~% ?+ R3 s
$ n. q" `' \& c7 v' I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ T$ U7 q: x6 \" J7 [; X+ t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 z& \) I4 l& ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, % L$ s3 a5 [# P1 S: ]9 g
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, % W) b4 o9 a: f# n; O
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ; H/ T$ f( }9 k9 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! k! K- w* W: ~. [7 I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” # j5 j4 r9 _6 k8 I' j" G8 [( R9 X( E$ i) o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
6 M6 {4 o3 l# t6 k( [! d$ ?
( F( {# i% r9 i" `4 Y2 p
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
# {, }6 O2 D3 x3 Z) M
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
4 I& \# f$ p% P& ^9 G( Y! g
2 M, m. M4 W3 z# rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, " p+ N/ ]. l g9 C4 P& v, o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 9 y, b0 R0 Q; F4 ]$ y N$ o% D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ Q3 c7 ^* M8 O2 Y7 O" }: b- T
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,2 r- C$ o, N4 Z7 |5 x$ ~4 ~. |. {
# |6 x. y D0 L! z; H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, + E. h7 s; ]8 o% A4 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,1 y. g+ M0 C$ g' v0 M7 C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 3 _) L( y+ F _3 e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ _7 f6 w- i7 K6 F
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. ]$ j; a, b% e( Z; n
12.0pt">: " Z) j$ X: s- f' g6 J& i. A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: & V- X& V! {& l# i0 m7 h; \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) Z+ ^$ I5 p+ ]. }9 p" M4 @
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才" q8 L z* c2 q) r- V- \! Y, g' C12.0pt">, # M, K# W$ D" ~6 I
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, : c& q/ N }1 E4 R9 o9 k, \: D! ~- afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ; ^2 d% `/ W9 S$ v5 K1 r
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 2 _, m- n2 |, Q \7 Q1 m" F
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, + p8 Q5 R% J6 Z% Y c V% B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 m/ X8 J* Q1 E
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题- p! a. r6 b) n3 x) a6 q
12.0pt">; / N+ T; }+ O: ^
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, / o; k3 s% ~$ K( d# hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 J% }* W$ u1 e" n0 Y
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求0 g0 ?' D# U1 r1 \6 S1 W1 \/ G12.0pt">: ( g% |" Z( Y" [) {$ o% V, v0 p' V"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 2 w- A3 ^0 q/ ^; U5 k0 u6 ^5 |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 R" y& k+ L3 G# ^2 B% B
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ' ? @' c7 h) g! h* x& o1 p- _2 ?, Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 4 r. O5 O" L! p; [& R* C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ?% }0 o6 N/ {: d& {6 q
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统9 Q# d6 N" s, B2 e0 r$ w6 G( A- I8 E
12.0pt">:
6 a' S1 ]: ?. a6 R
; K9 J A* |6 \4 e. s1 A3 Q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ ) \& u) g" h" o' F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” # J2 Z* }0 g' a% n& U+ P# o5 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
7 ^) h Z" A! K; S/ S8 E0 emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
1 ?# l! U m% M( A) _ Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
4 c" S" M4 t6 e8 {( {
4 [/ \) g7 |9 [: I( Z) l# x& t" t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, q, t+ }6 r( P
, L0 O9 Z0 p/ {# `; Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- V+ k" k# R1 P3 r
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
3 R1 M% g. A* k3 @+ m" ?! d4 d
, ]( T4 S% o* z5 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, , l! K2 U# J5 A* F) b, Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 0 G( o+ k0 Y8 v+ f7 d- T' ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ( U+ U4 N N9 Z6 [! v. P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 ?, Y( L" \6 C
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,8 L' H+ P" y4 `3 Z G* Z: \2 A
6 N* `% ^4 I, K2 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, / y! ]) z$ n# M
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" h# P& p# r7 N) I" a# Q
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 2 V7 l! ^5 T- ~1 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ; D& X( ~, C0 e$ X% ~( |; i1 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: : X+ L4 f3 a. J! {6 e; O; A+ }8 ~0 L
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 8 K7 ^( k2 v+ s1 Y7 s! Z
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 2 j0 \. D( E( [' O4 K- |) W% u7 `6 f1 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, , A, e2 U9 ]+ i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
+ B' }% p ]$ J' _3 V # p& \! d2 l) ^0 z
2 u* H% e0 Y3 x. Q+ Z0 Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,$ H+ ?! }% j' z2 ^* Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 J/ g( L+ u& u5 T( _2 }9 K' b$ | "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定4 G# x Y% G: _& i5 H+ a9 ^12.0pt">, 4 ]. o3 i4 G% G) X2 r _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 0 B' c% j" k" u) z7 J ?( ]& i: i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:) x/ G: O- @3 l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 j( ~1 E5 |: p3 Q$ {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 3 P4 P* d! o$ X; ]. c2 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" h3 M$ p5 d; }$ S+ }/ i) L "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, # l0 E0 n! R4 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 6 O0 D; d( ^# l" mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 9 m) I2 J- }: d; G' I9 K' E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ * @2 M ^" A5 o* \( U; [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, # Y3 R! d; G R+ Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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