( h( G! \1 B0 p: }0 Z" D
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 6 s( J5 s4 l. u" a( A6 S0 R& f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ( U/ V3 ~7 d t4 Y0 p( N3 N) l; y( S2 u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' x r' K! x3 A& x2 y+ B9 D9 K
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 r5 c* M/ J2 O' V8 j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,5 S* {3 ?# S8 I7 {5 i8 W( Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 o9 |$ I6 ?4 y( a: ^3 _' I) G
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
5 K; Z G3 I" B$ T9 [! Q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 a" Y3 H8 ^4 ~1 z9 S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, % g' A9 k$ x- b- v5 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,3 k6 ^! B2 U+ m. i2 e
7 ?3 N8 p D$ h" E Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, / r+ ?6 b9 V0 @1 `
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 1 s7 y! r& P* D1 K
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, + M/ r0 a' O$ i
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ) }! \; Z- o; s1 n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
[, T( m! M" X& ]) Q% E v; L* b . A2 f' c( I1 K2 R8 Z
; v& @1 X' W; [7 o0 p4 Q' Z6 y* Z. t/ Q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
* J; v" u. a, h' u6 h
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 l+ Y+ G$ @ V2 q: @+ V4 L; n ?
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
# H) {- C. E# l4 m U: |1 N
) l8 m2 ], i0 r8 e0 g
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( F; @# m! _9 I- l% c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ $ E" P. k5 p5 j. @* a" N
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ' R0 m" E7 W# S& t2 G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 2 d& j: H9 A; `" Z8 J& E# R
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” % {) A+ ~$ m- O% U1 ]- F
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; w6 e+ d; L. @0 j0 ]& o* b* W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 d: V" C1 J3 O2 V: |' D
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, # b: D1 r$ L% i/ }% E S, Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ; y$ q" Q. B! W$ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ V- @' |) r7 m: N; w
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,4 y: D6 o2 \% I
; X- W8 o" A2 J: K0 ^! W# |; P
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 8 G' b4 n( \4 R g5 K
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * g# [! Q% w0 }1 X. y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 2 r9 y5 V8 W5 e8 M* F( J
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ( ~( r! i$ Y% P+ U; ]& V, O- |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">“ / `1 C' z: W1 q# F* u5 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? / r/ Z8 c1 D1 w- u; [ S J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” : \$ K/ e3 ^7 o, p% u) b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, Q, j0 S$ L# ?: I9 K6 P# f, kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- R# L. N1 L: w3 f' c8 F7 A0 w
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:3 M1 s5 q6 D: J$ ]9 h" q, I9 t
( N6 C* I* v! O' V, N! b2 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
1 F- o% z' {) x+ l6 Y: j& ]
, r4 u' F$ K9 w2 r* v( _: c
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 - u1 E7 D: a! ~8 h) s8 ~: m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % V1 ]1 A2 M5 \: c% h8 q' p* c7 h; ?
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 n! p- m$ }; d
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
$ w# p0 A6 q* D' S
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ' V. c' \1 k2 l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ I n/ r; U3 x% L& s0 p
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 1 n. L5 M. D5 ^5 l5 J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
. h) x3 }; k' h$ v0 r7 y
. R( P: V1 z0 T6 L% ~+ r* D1 t$ O3 v
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 9 _( h8 k2 f& |* u/ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, * s P$ e* m: Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 8 `) b0 I; \# }8 J/ D* Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, , V& Y. W: S& F5 j. ] C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 9 }$ R0 \, h f0 i3 j7 q+ T% vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; D$ d3 J5 j, Y+ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” & O1 ]! }" L4 ?9 x8 g( t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
: X) i) ~+ c! ]2 b7 i
* `0 l9 ~( W- v$ o" A8 |- E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
( {. o# J3 _. l0 P! ~! hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
5 L: v. \8 b" I. {* }6 V2 [
' v% y5 I7 f; @- ]
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 0 T( B* ? r$ s- U7 L: {% H0 M# P
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 5 `, H& I- ?1 l0 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,5 j$ D# i; s7 f' p' I& h( q
}& W+ k9 D) h$ `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, % s$ i# q1 M6 U2 G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,/ z9 y/ Q+ ?" S+ p7 v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 4 A: _# A1 M4 w" h/ V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题$ K" B R9 ]% I12.0pt">: . ^* [: |9 H$ l+ _# E5 h
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: & O7 P( m1 o. r5 m9 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ b& A7 x; \4 O+ ?# v! z# }
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 E5 \5 O, I# e) o3 R! B
12.0pt">, ) d# s7 i1 R. e
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 2 U0 |) |; c& D- A w: b% v
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 8 B; s: Q7 ~4 O9 g, v
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 ?% m1 `# B6 [3 Q% E) O4 L& T @* t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; C. c+ h! N, y, }* S0 v7 M4 n# ?
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 w1 X) z! F& _" E; k- P* p12.0pt">; 7 ?5 M- b0 B- C8 J"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, - z# a; H& O7 F; [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* e2 X- i9 \; m9 E, y, M! z3 p2 ~
12.0pt">: / S+ m& s/ i( Y8 [6 q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ! m0 G) S8 r' V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, Q3 b/ M9 O/ E& X) z% h
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # b. b) j8 a( h4 y7 a" O a! I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 7 S0 p0 n; H" x# P# a6 E" ^5 X' Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统7 `. u; w( o/ A {0 O3 n7 H
12.0pt">:
2 t3 ?: c/ J. \1 ]/ D8 X
; O1 `# }/ u6 j/ L" N, k
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ - B# c8 x0 {4 J
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 3 p4 o+ X( U7 Y1 V8 ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
% v* W. |, {, B, w3 O6 P8 B0 V
: d$ S) g* L. o, imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
0 g$ K3 j+ ?& v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
- k; Q5 b# ]6 L ?& m: X9 D2 a, Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
4 G* `# T' p9 s% c; b- kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
. p6 n; a2 r. t: C3 v
+ F }$ v* z7 L: Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 7 v# h5 }" K5 h6 b9 i. u4 w2 A0 _9 y+ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 t6 ^2 [4 S B* j
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 4 L1 {. v Z& z6 P- `+ k/ J3 X! }9 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / v* r* n- e0 ` [! y% O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,6 p8 R9 M x2 t: e# S3 N7 w
! m6 M/ r! A. }. k4 F @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ! g# Z! H1 K& t% G! {4 @3 P' z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 x9 {/ d4 N$ o& Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, & `: R; P+ M" X8 W& l9 D+ f& y: A- b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: . |" y7 C# O+ _ @: O
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! g0 G4 ]" A" q, V3 V
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 3 g, E- C) x) R5 g/ C0 Q: [$ F7 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, & V2 @+ _( f3 X' {8 U; c
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; l: c! v' X4 l/ m/ g7 b
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 x/ Z! n. J% c0 k$ y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
) u9 w# C' o: u4 @
9 o ]; |! a2 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,! P# M- { |8 ]5 b# y; h. F$ N/ K7 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 U1 S6 u( j1 ^5 ]$ T( r) r "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& h( z0 v7 R6 o) n r W% n 12.0pt">, ; Z" V8 T* y) p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . i8 d! ?- i- Y( Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 ?, k. l/ T1 z7 Z1 q1 | "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: q- t/ _5 D$ Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 3 j3 {* H! E A) H3 o* U, \/ N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! _1 T1 {: T) `3 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 9 U! u0 A+ E% h9 s( M( Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, % |, Z( r! P5 E: p0 r9 b& @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: / e7 g0 {% g! \/ M3 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) {" [" g# z" q- Y' P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( c" | z! I1 ^0 s" M& d) o$ R. ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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