) k# ] u. ?" _+ {7 i% Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, % Q2 _2 v3 l9 }+ H% B- j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, `5 Y1 S, x3 |$ z$ t% \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, $ m& M) o& U" ~2 v0 s1 }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性, j4 y' n; h6 C; H- B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
! p# i4 @( X/ j+ p/ o( c! \- G! ?; j
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 R0 i) {! e# k; g @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, . [3 s: m' q) m P: B2 L: g2 I" G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* S" }6 x) u* W* S
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
( I! s) w( O' |/ T
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, c' ^! @! o5 P# f+ ?% U) Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 3 ?( z( _+ b$ Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ) ^! N+ Y6 S$ i( `9 e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ( T$ n. o. M4 W9 {, ]- l X( _: E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
# P2 R. Y% ~2 J- L5 ~ i" i# f
/ M4 v- @9 v6 T7 o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
! }" }7 F0 J4 ^0 j' ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
7 @1 p& u9 H7 h7 X' o
9 N" Z P/ i# n v" J' a0 x9 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, $ K: M) _7 N. v" l
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ / L8 R0 q2 I# v& E9 S6 I
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & _7 ? ]4 [% K- _9 L7 b' I! [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 6 \0 ^& ^ }$ w3 ~: T: t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 0 A4 }7 W0 k. o% B4 c. u$ S: d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, & z9 ^; M, a4 @* t8 G7 N
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - A9 d: u" @* j$ b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ) G3 q2 @9 O3 D afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, B1 {2 V+ l! ]
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
7 {* O/ F: h0 K8 l& I9 f$ Y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 8 n7 V5 {% s' d. G! S" l& m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( k) X5 p3 Z2 ]7 A. I3 ^3 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ u6 f0 i7 r9 L6 O! Z6 u0 f; k
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ; |8 Z; t P3 p+ A' @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 1 N" _3 E, z: a9 y* Y& D* S4 I
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 g5 v8 ~2 B! \: N
"Times New Roman"">“ $ p$ d7 M2 V1 T a3 `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? # q' O8 p3 ^# f1 i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” , f6 |% Y' r0 b/ R- p) E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, * Z- {% q2 M# H i# R) f1 v* v
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# O `( G5 ]# k7 ]. a! \
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:6 M! b% h3 L4 Q+ n. D) Q$ A
% R& G3 x; q& a, N5 J) Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
! v/ m) V. X% i9 e1 I2 Y [! w& A
7 ^% ?9 l0 |$ ]+ c+ T# A
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 0 m* {4 d# z' V7 G: M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, : V- ~8 Q) C4 ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 ~9 E5 q5 S' e; g# E
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
/ N) U/ Y3 H1 L4 n. ~! W6 y0 T+ t1 Y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, * q: c' u! M: C1 E) C6 J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 1 b5 r6 _+ b, g9 t9 rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
& I8 c; {* X" L; p( W, q, i6 J+ K
3 l( M5 N, M' f, _4 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ' y* `8 l# s) f' P, g
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 2 u/ O% Z( c3 M+ r7 `
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 S! g$ K! I2 l1 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, C. [; m! J/ D* t, x6 R% s, W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 g, Z) q9 B$ B% r- V; Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: k( ]: n8 q$ Q$ f2 e
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 5 N. O: Y- d$ d0 S" g+ ]- A" a1 D/ [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 4 s0 M3 x, ^, d2 w& M9 ]; _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
- l" W: U8 D5 H& A) m- E' A, u % J/ S% c& E$ O. D2 _* y; b; }( r
- ]! U* E) p' {; Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
+ }4 Q6 l9 A5 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ c7 h2 j. {& X
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
. z% |: r* b* l/ s# `
( |& z/ @# h( b2 v9 |5 [$ d
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 9 T1 S- s$ ?6 V0 z! A0 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ) h. S! h1 Q# K! Q4 z3 ? z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: J: [. j5 }% f& P3 S- C: N& P8 p E
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,( [5 t" d: y) f
) w7 h- p8 W0 x" h/ `" J: Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 3 L) t4 b4 o* \/ ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,1 N7 I m2 I* h% G. a0 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ( E/ ~8 l a/ @* x6 w" Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: N9 X9 ]; E- ]- \0 ~ D
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题3 v+ r- G; h) }: o! T12.0pt">: # N* A$ s5 I h9 r) ?: Q7 J
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: - q- k7 I Z7 W0 [0 g" C" Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ R# X! ^, y4 P( r; F1 M
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才9 I" n# \/ G. j2 h7 h. K) ]+ K! O
12.0pt">, 6 l% z2 x0 h% s3 P) H* e+ ^) A2 x2 r
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, " n4 P1 o$ U7 A- d& ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 j7 A) ?7 B" B1 U$ H% ^# u
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; j% H+ @; Z7 [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 p7 Z3 w2 R- U, T& `) ]3 |4 B4 M' @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 7 S( N+ R5 @: Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题 k5 [% v- m' @7 |! m
12.0pt">; # }+ c/ B7 ^7 V: N+ k
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, / A! e. T( N5 O- F' w8 z' |1 t# H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 H. e, K: ^* P \$ ?. q5 k
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求5 ]9 C+ Z; w0 b7 x) c12.0pt">: 3 E% D6 q0 u- L# _
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 5 e6 M# S6 R/ L, Q @& \! q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. [! S [. G* Z5 b( X
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ; |; H$ Z; n( r0 s+ Z, f2 }
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 2 s6 |6 ?7 W' E gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统5 _1 [' L$ a8 [: L6 u- a" B+ r) d. o
12.0pt">:
6 ^3 f+ B! Q+ h; V3 I9 j
' K2 e1 A( [, e1 q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 5 N: n) |; e) G& U2 K
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ' a5 E+ s3 v2 `, s) S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
& L5 n! ~& G+ G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
' m; F: k' x. I8 J. B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
' t7 b5 L$ p" {( s2 J" O
/ {: @9 j5 a2 s- A; u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,( K( O: }# \( I
$ \8 f: L4 U8 J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
! H6 { M/ v! {) d" W: q0 c. p e
( N4 U2 e. W& a! E6 ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, . \! O/ F) Y# B5 q3 F2 F4 p/ Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, * _" z4 S5 P& T* n; c
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ o! ]2 r: I7 z- n4 F0 U0 m4 A
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
( F3 f; b. u. k. h: |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, # C$ [# ^# x* _' k8 N3 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 Q* n8 i8 R- F% L" ^
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 3 x0 b6 j" S0 |0 D& E: J/ y7 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: - ]9 q2 {1 t+ }
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: R; f% z+ \8 S7 V& c
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 A; n- {9 C qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 1 | p( ~/ v) Q3 `. ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 u& e" l5 a; l0 d7 u
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - E8 _# Q! |4 f' E; U8 v( b5 R. c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
6 Y: m/ _7 A# w4 p " D( I$ O3 \6 p! O* w0 o8 f: ?2 G
+ G% _5 z5 J& y8 m/ j0 E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,% B5 X' X; q _3 C, |0 S& s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定$ E! H' ^4 D9 e- r12.0pt">, $ l/ ]* o1 V; n/ A- A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 8 T* y2 ~0 C7 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:# Y) s% R+ L* s i; v, S: k, Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : J }8 A% w0 L& Y6 J$ m' Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 6 D [2 D0 \/ N) x2 C! h8 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: K+ x6 A! r) z" N n- f, t+ F "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, / h% b, z9 r. q2 R9 R; u8 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 2 |, P/ r( F; G* ~- z# U1 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 ^* D) D) p0 i: h4 V" S+ y0 z/ F "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: $ j- E+ t5 Q6 e/ N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 2 P% J+ L: F2 f/ m6 M" W8 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, " w7 H# Y# V6 N' O, l4 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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