5 L- u: P3 p3 q7 j( y) mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, : @5 l& |: m7 q/ q* u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ( m7 _; b- r3 S! c0 o$ Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, - g; x$ v$ _" b% b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,( Q9 x# x; z0 Y I/ E8 H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
% i( _( g5 |* Q & U6 {& v$ e+ N! r+ X- Y0 O6 A5 p
+ N/ K& S0 L: L2 X4 `: ~/ q( g
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, & s0 Q3 H7 a) p. M6 r3 n R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, & S0 P2 b6 L$ {1 c% y) ?0 _+ z) Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,1 @0 Z3 m5 D5 y) [- {
9 \! X, t: A3 W0 W5 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 3 @ b. s5 _) j$ k+ A& x$ D$ ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 8 I" n {/ [. r( E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& J2 L% a0 t' K7 ^8 E" |- T9 o
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, + x O9 h5 T0 J n" ~* o
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 1 I1 B1 U% |. J1 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
. ^* j N- K* M# ^
) D2 ~5 a+ v0 s; a. `$ X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
& Y9 z6 p8 L6 h& M: b% v( l; k
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
. J: v. v' j( ]1 Y5 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 8 W5 \9 t' @8 p* o* k$ z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 5 {# M5 Z6 j* K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & P7 S; L2 @: Y. F6 p5 c( d: I8 n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) B1 `" x3 z" i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ! K9 p: \1 a4 X
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; J- A" m |) r+ Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- Y3 k9 q, V9 A9 }% |
"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 1 w4 f7 Y+ ?: r# @. O) Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, , D$ E! C) e! p7 R! bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,6 v4 w, @- D8 x
: t0 C- [& f7 Y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 1 l, e" |! V* @6 k+ d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 2 R4 D2 c5 ]% }/ u: _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 3 k, K0 G/ a2 f; _, w4 ?
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 8 T' _0 ?" p, ~: e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# Y; J- e9 m( r$ C; B
"Times New Roman"">“ 6 e3 d: H$ T! m; P+ O5 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 6 u! m, K2 V) S' g `
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” - D/ o8 W5 M; R7 j4 ~
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 8 W% E- B+ h0 }: X( F% g2 Q) S
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% [6 U4 v% k; [: C; N0 x
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:- k8 j. ]: I! V# l2 |$ N
3 E2 Q9 E4 e0 Q) X, m$ I6 ?4 Q& b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
0 w' `8 ?% G* m$ r* E* e' a) K o, i3 i
# W% K+ r# F8 S" c/ Q( A! b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ! w K$ C q9 J1 S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, * d) q$ Z+ D2 O5 |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& W+ \' D# G3 B0 i$ S4 d
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
0 }6 s' I0 [ u$ u) |" Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 9 F6 c G! C Z7 _4 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 0 l0 F+ H9 @) T3 i. dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7
* e4 R; `) U& ?; ]1 T) {; h 5 s) V. N. t: k5 J: h9 R' o
( [" J; i( h+ a2 c* m- Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, & Y% \% t6 D/ x0 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 1 G) x; h5 o5 Q: R; z& B5 u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ T; h5 j/ i6 {- D
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, " p' g1 A5 O9 O
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 8 P* k$ W0 P' Q W+ a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, . ]0 i/ R3 P9 v* a. k
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; `/ L' N) W* D+ ?; y5 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 9 r2 I6 q) b9 c8 ?2 P. E( E+ d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
- ^" r4 F- ^* R; I
" G! _) E4 C, k# t2 c% S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,% Y) o# x+ [0 K! d- B
3 `& ]2 i) T( A% b/ Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 w* q- s# A! U2 e, a
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
6 P* j- _, G1 J2 ~8 c amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . j; o3 ]! U# l- s3 N2 r, r! q2 D# H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, , N* |. h) \, u$ `0 L) Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
9 [% m4 R/ u3 A$ T
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, , K7 n" Q) r D8 m
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,. V; G' x$ l) f _* o. p/ {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, " d. l+ z0 n* I$ S! u: bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题( n' |) m* {* L" a
12.0pt">: ( A9 k6 p2 T& O/ [: Z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: % B$ f9 ]1 j, C4 y1 b; }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' w n! h8 J0 }- Z. h+ h) `; q
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才, g- E( s1 S, h. B8 w5 o% l$ l
12.0pt">, , G1 N) f: R! f, d% S"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, : x. R$ p/ H8 U# R* d3 v f; Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) l5 {4 f5 I# V8 d3 ~. }& B( ^
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 2 `+ |% N# G# C8 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, $ k+ s- k8 Q0 X# c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, - I) ]. o3 d$ |8 [( n, C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题7 b1 K" w' t% a( L12.0pt">; , U) w: R; [0 v4 g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, / ]7 c1 a6 `# t" \: T+ \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求9 D0 g/ A( Q% x4 o7 ]* }" c% [3 r12.0pt">: 6 [% C: {. u( Q, w
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 7 _6 Y; X# w" X/ dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ; M4 @0 f/ o2 ?+ m) A$ o/ @
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, - n* [8 P0 K) q: Y8 |) T
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统3 Q+ s7 {( T" b- N12.0pt">:
$ D7 W- b6 L3 _! P+ D/ l' o; O3 X 9 a4 b, u: x) |' M1 ]
" p) k3 V0 Y7 U4 b( p6 y7 x
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ * q$ m3 Y+ q4 Z+ x# A: w6 h0 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” $ C6 [( t7 S% t5 Q8 z& f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
+ z' S. O4 t" o& X" X, j' m " d6 p L8 z* c; m% G9 D
0 h3 Q T5 e6 O$ V* K3 v' dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
# R: F% q8 p' }" g5 @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
1 Y1 L! e; G q# ]. j
3 T5 M# I+ F. q" `4 [! Q3 X4 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,6 f% ^. G* ^# k E
2 Q( o9 J1 k0 C7 X9 U/ B9 T
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
+ `- L& _/ [+ w
0 R+ |( M+ C4 E. W9 c6 n
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 8 y) B+ U5 R9 f4 b q: M" q0 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# Y( s% n0 J- S6 i
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ) H1 b, a% f# ]6 ^9 Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ( d" b1 D$ S6 Z$ d5 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, i9 U5 \) \* _: B" i3 ^
7 u5 y* U8 h5 @7 N2 N! _! {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ; o& \+ Q1 \# |4 c' sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, " d$ n% i! ?8 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 3 l7 t+ q; u8 Y" K( G6 U. B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: % r; o* A$ ?8 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' B0 S n0 ~5 Z( M- l. N( [8 Q. H
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, + A# E- _& C; K' R: _9 h/ J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 4 z1 n" n/ D* T* }
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 Z1 o! s, E; M1 [; \' \# ~' m' {
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 5 _, j, Y [$ C) [. D
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
9 ^; e* i6 J* P7 ]% i; F
C4 c1 E1 u' j9 S/ B0 F, q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,( o6 H8 F0 ]& r0 x5 m- q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 N+ l& \4 ?/ J/ p4 P1 D "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定1 K; s/ w2 @- H- V; v7 V* U2 }; ] 12.0pt">, 6 A# T" }4 \& ^* u7 c' k* C( K( U* d"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 0 Q1 T% x) G) }) t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:& o' g' n" L) ^$ g" B6 J0 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; S" ?6 y2 ^) W& P" n' m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 1 T8 q0 m6 ?; W# v+ o7 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; D' Z+ s2 C# \" A "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' g( R1 V- c2 ?+ \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! S: U/ X: Y/ W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 ^0 B2 c( ~! Y; B5 a' J" }; T "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: / k" y* Y8 E( m( c& q& c4 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ; H; O4 {% L, E+ i. ~( I h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, , {/ w, j6 G% }- c) ~1 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊
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