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标题: 漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构 [打印本页]

作者: 匿名    时间: 2015-1-5 13:23
标题: 漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

( h( G! \1 B0 p: }0 Z" D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 6 s( J5 s4 l. u" a( A6 S0 R& f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ( U/ V3 ~7 d t4 Y0 p( N3 N) l; y( S2 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' x r' K! x3 A& x2 y+ B9 D9 K "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 r5 c* M/ J2 O' V8 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,5 S* {3 ?# S8 I7 {5 i8 W( Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 o9 |$ I6 ?4 y( a: ^3 _' I) G "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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5 K; Z G3 I" B$ T9 [! Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 a" Y3 H8 ^4 ~1 z9 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, % g' A9 k$ x- b- v5 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 G$ |" F- y7 h"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,3 k6 ^! B2 U+ m. i2 e 7 ?3 N8 p D$ h" E Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, / r+ ?6 b9 V0 @1 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 1 s7 y! r& P* D1 K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 W* O1 J* |; _9 l/ ^$ U"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, + M/ r0 a' O$ i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ) }! \; Z- o; s1 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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; v& @1 X' W; [7 o0 p4 Q' Z6 y* Z. t/ Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, % f" v; Y7 l9 r* J; v" u. a, h' u6 h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 l+ Y+ G$ @ V2 q: @+ V4 L; n ? "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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) l8 m2 ], i0 r8 e0 g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ( F; @# m! _9 I- l% c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ $ E" P. k5 p5 j. @* a" N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ' R0 m" E7 W# S& t2 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 2 d& j: H9 A; `" Z8 J& E# R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” % {) A+ ~$ m- O% U1 ]- F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; w6 e+ d; L. @0 j0 ]& o* b* W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 d: V" C1 J3 O2 V: |' D "Times New Roman"">前者为因, # b: D1 r$ L% i/ }% E S, Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ; y$ q" Q. B! W$ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ V- @' |) r7 m: N; w "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,4 y: D6 o2 \% I ; X- W8 o" A2 J: K0 ^! W# |; P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 8 G' b4 n( \4 R g5 K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * g# [! Q% w0 }1 X. y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - A( R0 z4 R$ S9 o0 r% f"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 2 r9 y5 V8 W5 e8 M* F( J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ( ~( r! i$ Y% P+ U; ]& V, O- | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " K( ^/ Y0 M$ r3 N8 U5 P# |: I"Times New Roman"">“ / `1 C' z: W1 q# F* u5 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? / r/ Z8 c1 D1 w- u; [ S J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” : \$ K/ e3 ^7 o, p% u) b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, Q, j0 S$ L# ?: I9 K6 P# f, kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- R# L. N1 L: w3 f' c8 F7 A0 w "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:3 M1 s5 q6 D: J$ ]9 h" q, I9 t ( N6 C* I* v! O' V, N! b2 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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, r4 u' F$ K9 w2 r* v( _: c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 - u1 E7 D: a! ~8 h) s8 ~: m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % V1 ]1 A2 M5 \: c% h8 q' p* c7 h; ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 n! p- m$ }; d "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, / K [' ?8 w) U4 n6 _ H$ w# p0 A6 q* D' S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ' V. c' \1 k2 l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ I n/ r; U3 x% L& s0 p "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 1 n. L5 M. D5 ^5 l5 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 s" w: ~% o: g; J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里( J& T8 Z: ~- X! D3 w8 X; e3 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 5 d* R Q( H( k0 r6 x% f$ h) Y% Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元($ p6 e# f7 x2 b/ X9 F. ?1 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), `7 P) ]# N% {) m9 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - Y9 r8 V3 K) j9 W0 R& W, t( \: o"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用" e) i7 G1 @% ]! J. } 12.0pt">, % {) @. w! O- q j0 T2 @# F; X"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 1 v8 c+ [5 M/ S- z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* n3 a# q7 j) {& v( G "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, + L' r8 r& }7 C" X+ c; j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!) } g6 o1 K! Q6 o o% X3 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ; m+ A, \/ s- e! @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 t. W' ~+ K2 Y" t- `1 Q1 A) K, P "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: : Y. V. ^6 \+ d5 }! H8 Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, / F4 W" |# u! s3 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 6 N$ j( Z* N5 w4 \: Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ V( o4 B" K6 @& Z "Times New Roman"">“ 4 R, A1 v3 x7 \; [0 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”1 V" K$ n0 A( t: H, Z% F, q 12.0pt"> 5 ^6 ~- }, H8 B+ A$ O"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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. R( P: V1 z0 T6 L% ~+ r* D1 t$ O3 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 9 _( h8 k2 f& |* u/ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, * s P$ e* m: Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 T/ d5 D8 ]. w4 S% j"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 8 `) b0 I; \# }8 J/ D* Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, , V& Y. W: S& F5 j. ] C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 9 }$ R0 \, h f0 i3 j7 q+ T% vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 S4 {" o9 L) ?4 U"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; D$ d3 J5 j, Y+ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” & O1 ]! }" L4 ?9 x8 g( t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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* `0 l9 ~( W- v$ o" A8 |- E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 1 d5 k1 R& e5 D( {. o# J3 _. l0 P! ~! hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; c* a* K8 `% {: S7 ~3 H"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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' v% y5 I7 f; @- ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 0 T( B* ? r$ s- U7 L: {% H0 M# P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 5 `, H& I- ?1 l0 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' J5 [/ f& G' z"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,5 j$ D# i; s7 f' p' I& h( q }& W+ k9 D) h$ ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, % s$ i# q1 M6 U2 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 T; `+ r1 m( K- G"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,/ z9 y/ Q+ ?" S+ p7 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 4 A: _# A1 M4 w" h/ V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; I8 V! H! E' q1 J% V"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题$ K" B R9 ]% I12.0pt">: . ^* [: |9 H$ l+ _# E5 h "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: & O7 P( m1 o. r5 m9 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ b& A7 x; \4 O+ ?# v! z# } "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 E5 \5 O, I# e) o3 R! B 12.0pt">, ) d# s7 i1 R. e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 2 U0 |) |; c& D- A w: b% v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - b, I. O6 p( |) ]8 y9 U"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 8 B; s: Q7 ~4 O9 g, v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 ?% m1 `# B6 [3 Q% E) O4 L& T @* t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; C. c+ h! N, y, }* S0 v7 M4 n# ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 G- \; _. g. B9 W2 [ S6 j4 |"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 w1 X) z! F& _" E; k- P* p12.0pt">; 7 ?5 M- b0 B- C8 J"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, - z# a; H& O7 F; [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " |8 d8 v, M. C. n$ O2 h"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求* e2 X- i9 \; m9 E, y, M! z3 p2 ~ 12.0pt">: / S+ m& s/ i( Y8 [6 q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ! m0 G) S8 r' V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, Q3 b/ M9 O/ E& X) z% h "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # b. b) j8 a( h4 y7 a" O a! I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 7 S0 p0 n; H" x# P# a6 E" ^5 X' Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % G1 ] j7 p. J1 p7 x8 ^" Q"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统7 `. u; w( o/ A {0 O3 n7 H 12.0pt">:

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; O1 `# }/ u6 j/ L" N, k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ - B# c8 x0 {4 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 3 p4 o+ X( U7 Y1 V8 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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- k; Q5 b# ]6 L ?& m: X9 D2 a, Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, $ V9 i1 a/ v3 X7 B. u4 G* `# T' p9 s% c; b- kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : f5 H8 B: i' f) D"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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+ F }$ v* z7 L: Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 7 v# h5 }" K5 h6 b9 i. u4 w2 A0 _9 y+ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 t6 ^2 [4 S B* j "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 4 L1 {. v Z& z6 P- `+ k/ J3 X! }9 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / v* r* n- e0 ` [! y% O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , d- h2 P2 O4 W8 @"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,6 p8 R9 M x2 t: e# S3 N7 w ! m6 M/ r! A. }. k4 F @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ! g# Z! H1 K& t% G! {4 @3 P' z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + |/ p3 P& V3 _0 j% g7 l"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 x9 {/ d4 N$ o& Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, & `: R; P+ M" X8 W& l9 D+ f& y: A- b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: . |" y7 C# O+ _ @: O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! g0 G4 ]" A" q, V3 V "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 3 g, E- C) x) R5 g/ C0 Q: [$ F7 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, & V2 @+ _( f3 X' {8 U; c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; l: c! v' X4 l/ m/ g7 b "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 x/ Z! n. J% c0 k$ y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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9 o ]; |! a2 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,! P# M- { |8 ]5 b# y; h. F$ N/ K7 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 U1 S6 u( j1 ^5 ]$ T( r) r "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& h( z0 v7 R6 o) n r W% n 12.0pt">, ; Z" V8 T* y) p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, . i8 d! ?- i- Y( Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 ?, k. l/ T1 z7 Z1 q1 | "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: q- t/ _5 D$ Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 3 j3 {* H! E A) H3 o* U, \/ N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ! _1 T1 {: T) `3 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . z% p0 I. ?% X( L7 _ S% i"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 9 U! u0 A+ E% h9 s( M( Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, % |, Z( r! P5 E: p0 r9 b& @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 ~' P/ \. S# `9 A$ Q# M* |; r"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: / e7 g0 {% g! \/ M3 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) {" [" g# z" q- Y' P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( c" | z! I1 ^0 s" M& d) o$ R. ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' _( g& ~4 R! \% X- a$ B, E6 a"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊






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