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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第' L5 k. b& U( C+ @. I
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6 z0 a+ x. g( j2 K6 Z" @5 bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：4 A! s& {: b b& B( w4 E" c z' U
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。6 h+ q; P" Z J }; ~5 k7 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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6 _' D0 I4 J' \% u9 yTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。% ^" A/ ?. v& Q3 k: M: Y
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: i( T* ?& f8 f4 R& w3 J" Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经, K; m, N, A) Z8 E5 ~/ dmso-font-kerning:0pt">•& E5 `% n4 t8 M: K( X3 x' mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。- p4 w" k E! k# I% U" A6 \
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9 W& ], j1 ?+ m- NTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：3 I" P! S" Q3 S3 M
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是8 f% k- I& P8 F5 G) u1 J
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？8 x% t4 B7 J# V: ^8 }9 m0pt">
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) ^% E+ x. _! s2 O \9 l5 f* {Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，2 a! D5 W2 j9 A
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- N, M5 j" f/ P* I1 J, J( }( E9 oTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说： f# m- x P# x5 r: I
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐0 @( I& c$ E2 _" s* B+ d, I10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ L9 A7 A% z4 b6 W$ wmso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;; ]4 H+ s1 r+ h# G' g q
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% Y( u$ ^- N% ~. Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种- k! S0 L: ?9 g/ O5 x% t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的# T( q: h4 s- v3 q+ _1 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“& u9 a4 Z! {% u8 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
8 [- a* l0 R: f- amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐* b0 _3 R8 t V. O+ B. m4 g( emso-font-kerning:0pt">”) o- k! O$ E5 ~9 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
6 j0 @% c+ O) ]/ Z bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，1 X/ G- v& f9 {, q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。* e* P/ M) K; n% v: @' T# }
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! Q$ J" f5 j% qTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌, m) N: O1 r0 a# ]3 u# Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">305" I4 n* y) c. e7 N8 v& k5 Z
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% Y9 ~5 X4 l* G$ l/ N1 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视* {3 O1 _+ Y& |& hmso-font-kerning:0pt">“8 ] M" d, T/ @% u; G2 ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
, N3 X8 ]3 t. kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗: b2 a8 r0 I- g) y0 Y- r
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) n2 u, f M* umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：/ e$ s k7 f5 D `- n! y4 _* x Ymso-font-kerning:0pt">“0 S2 P% _3 \, L. ]6 r) K2 r
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。6 J4 v/ Q5 t0 T, {mso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ N) a+ c6 U) Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语6 H' }$ O% r' r4 Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">•* ~0 {: x* W( B" [; [. Q1 i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）9 `. P6 {8 x8 o% N- o
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( I% @5 ~* R% I& A& @4 F0 imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。 y2 d# G/ @4 X4 p/ \mso-font-kerning:0pt">”* r$ V' i4 z$ q# ^3 D0 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;; n* J7 u( N% }7 E6 G3 \/ X
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语* U1 j0 K) H* A8 {6 c$ zmso-font-kerning:0pt">•& ^7 ]/ c8 M# g9 j+ G' y* C9 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
8 H5 y1 I; x* b2 Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过, b" d& Y8 l; X
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/ ~; `9 D9 u) F$ ?9 U8 mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人6 x+ F7 g2 W6 }% Q. p& R! N! s. `mso-font-kerning:0pt">“) f0 i2 f0 Y8 O: H, [/ ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;# Z7 F2 l `, t0 G
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。! V% V5 B& m. D7 h; Y# hmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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; X# ^, v% k# `% e% \4 D) Y# P2 CTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。. ^2 j- ?/ q' z# K& Fmso-font-kerning:0pt">——! l/ Z* E' N# Q% v
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2 g6 R h5 j3 E3 k7 V: O' K9 y# omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”5 T% D- C6 l# K8 ]
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( M# I5 s- Y9 w$ Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。) \- v5 q9 q- g5 wmso-font-kerning:0pt"> ; }; P: h+ }6 i1 M$ C
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1 ]5 z8 z- a- c* M4 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。 l/ w: k' I5 j- I
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于4 G' Q% m- L0 B$ I" @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓 U2 @; O6 D" k% p2 hmso-font-kerning:0pt">“. J6 H& q1 m! X0 g% t% Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓8 d8 i/ E9 m1 O6 M; ]4 D0 V7 @mso-font-kerning:0pt">“; C! b; a6 Q4 D' p+ gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;( e/ v7 ?. n( b; Q, q
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- c9 O j& f- d4 E1 amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓0 |5 q) j c( X1 q0 w
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓2 D* F2 W1 v% U& ^: r' @mso-font-kerning:0pt">“) {7 C" H% }, l& xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;9 |% U: ~. i' \6 E: e. D8 K7 t# L
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼/ ^8 C# l& [' Y7 b% s Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“0 N) v1 e1 T. b; i# l8 }
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- u' I0 G* Q+ p2 @7 kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤$ W' e4 B) X+ C7 J7 `( N9 zmso-font-kerning:0pt">”, k" }7 R6 {" h8 a6 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 |# G$ J1 h$ F* r* E5 E# S; O
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语9 n% P! R3 ]$ Q6 d* l
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3 Z* g$ {! `6 f. V1 V8 E/ j: [0 _! Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能9 ]* I( L6 A6 J: W4 s+ m- q8 Smso-font-kerning:0pt">“0 [9 M2 H( J- S9 A! jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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( f2 Q Z; D4 U0 ]& c7 F3 ]7 p9 Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人% z3 x. |) x/ y$ b2 o0 B# kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“+ M5 \! B6 C- s2 T# I2 b' i
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X4 e+ ]7 ]3 W/ l" BTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。8 A; O3 e5 Q& K! F5 Y
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。/ P: }( b9 r% s" S) X8 J9 \mso-font-kerning:0pt"> S. t7 F. w* X# g0 ^3 t( V
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$ U# G) C. [$ E" K: ]+ e/ jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱$ |" y9 p, j; d- i m: a
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. p/ U7 p4 O+ b# ~7 h# ?Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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