漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

. q7 T: M, V, b1 D' d. n+ }8 p4 e: C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) c* D& u( Y& R4 m l, R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ) b9 G. w# E3 z! Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 7 {3 C: C. m, N; S1 g3 p9 F1 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 z& k% Q$ _: ?" |. l1 y2 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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9 X6 d1 O$ P, Q) g. A! bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, C7 |4 s) v8 m, }5 A/ s; Y) y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 1 Y2 D8 D8 Y$ O2 ^; {9 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . A% [8 \' h- r"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, , ]0 g, v3 {9 p& C. U7 y* T( ]* }, s& K. n9 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, % b* L1 A, M; b6 Z) K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, , I* E$ _( v( d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ [5 n7 I* F. G( J F' A. ]"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, # S! s! `2 W( N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, , g, m* d j. B! C/ U: o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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( G0 A! h1 @: o( z Q5 b4 b/ `# U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! y( g' J/ X; E0 a q! m' X- m, j; i: }5 E- A* xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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# [/ h0 Q0 j1 k: U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, " G% J6 J3 C) N3 H9 n/ u R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ' c u2 L* D. A* ?' l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” J' Y$ D+ d3 O% j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 7 \0 s) J2 I6 f' ?9 P1 s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” + ^" G( M. ?# `; y2 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 7 q$ _$ N$ p3 X; }, _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 1 e" m5 m+ E2 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ) n+ g4 c% o7 { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 3 [! f2 j/ p* k4 M9 a4 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 3 s/ [. G; Y) P- f" E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, & _$ n# O# i: V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, . R2 y8 i# X' @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 0 g4 K3 D8 ?7 z( n: {0 @& x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 8 J9 e+ [+ a1 T3 ?& [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? : e _% m% X3 f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 7 M4 B. j" t- s" A3 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 1 R- S7 i8 m3 y+ ?, Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " @# a) X3 t! A" d"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 3 \, i6 q: e* h+ E3 }6 J: L! q1 t O/ _4 I( t7 z5 F1 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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; \' D5 K& `1 t( ]7 A+ ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ' g% R ~; F( l2 `0 p* } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ! g* ]" h) U7 y7 q1 q9 v" ~' R& R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, P9 N7 }/ v3 Q1 X7 v( Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, + u% [ o! z& B! V$ ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ' b/ F% Z9 m; Y: nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 5 L5 J/ q5 S# J' ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里5 B& F3 z% d5 R4 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 L9 k7 E9 \! {4 `4 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(* p$ `, ^& {. V: I. j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 0 O0 v8 m' e2 S5 ?% H4 Y, Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " o: ~9 k3 P% [; o"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用3 W* y6 d! `0 k+ G) U12.0pt">, , d* O* D5 r9 |7 h7 G% L$ H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, : n; U1 p5 H! X- [$ g. A; z! @9 i6 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ! t1 m2 j9 m( T) E6 q& w" V( Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!# f8 D* Q; z/ J+ r# [# F. x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 5 O' r8 l( D8 J0 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 z2 H. c$ I+ w"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: , w8 S7 j1 ]- c" ?5 |2 _ }8 ^4 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, + Y& K; c1 `( C3 I" H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, * T9 M" D8 k; F" N7 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * ?- u! O/ [: o' V"Times New Roman"">“ % J) Z- E( L3 R" r: m$ z8 l7 J- b6 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”0 w! t: b+ I! B 12.0pt"> , q: X1 V& p; Z" L9 N) W: q& _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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0 _' J D, Y& |! u) ~. Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, / ?" S- n1 ?! q4 R6 M5 d5 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 3 K/ d# `, a7 n5 j0 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : }# Q# e" L9 _"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, * S: o5 B+ D0 u) K. j5 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 9 ~# u/ S0 n5 D: L8 a& O5 f$ z' |) i4 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, * ^2 @& l o, n4 p! F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : w8 F' S3 O) e4 U! t3 E& r6 R) I"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ $ d! X5 g: _1 ~: }9 |. a& qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” . r# u' o2 d! m6 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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: D u9 ], A( g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, # E3 Q! Q$ z* o9 @* r' z/ _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . C4 }* V; K' n) k"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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& ^- V) W. {1 f8 {' A7 L" L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, . ^* A5 Y& R( o, f 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 4 O; L8 V* D0 `) N8 C n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 8 X( C/ W; R/ N+ {) C, l% {5 K7 t7 P( bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, + d4 H0 v! T! M0 A" l V. P9 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! D9 a- t, R3 U/ e* a"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ Y* {6 O: Z4 d% N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 8 |+ R( p& D6 p4 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% e3 f2 P1 M: Q% h: C 12.0pt">: 8 u" h/ t' u7 D4 O"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 2 A d0 T6 O! _* h" y0 ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才4 |8 \8 h1 {8 e+ n7 i [4 {- T; l12.0pt">, : l" a9 g* f+ r) R" }6 p8 S6 N "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ) N A6 A ^0 ^! I9 c" U+ r; e2 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; % e, B+ @( Q) O: l: ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 0 T* q$ |8 m# o/ B) \( K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 1 I+ c) Y+ C- O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / z9 w5 }) C# G; P"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题8 X L% D2 ?5 S7 @12.0pt">; 1 ]9 o6 I. ~. d7 l& l3 C"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 7 q2 a* k$ Y5 O1 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求6 I0 G1 Q7 X+ z( [7 o( Z 12.0pt">: " e& a V% r( ?/ \ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ! @" w, x" D& ?5 W# [3 `/ { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 x1 I5 Y, o" i6 i"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 8 i' O% C+ K# }9 x; B2 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 q4 v7 r' A: q, @+ G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 J+ K$ h+ y" m4 @: A"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统& G" ^2 i2 f" G/ t 12.0pt">:

 

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; S. l1 U) l/ a* L H2 E9 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ # W3 T0 E$ N* `0 ?, a' ]% b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 8 p+ N& Y- L* l, Y/ R) f+ ]" T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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4 X7 _) z: y" h, M3 V; Z5 V( z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

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: A% F- |0 o4 [2 A% J: U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, * @& r! w' r7 x- B, h' s6 d0 q* C; ]5 w' R- }' W, c: Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - |/ U/ C& ]6 z: V"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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* J- N0 q3 ?' C2 c7 M% \3 ?# L. Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, | k& r) C( ~# W7 B8 V$ _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & [ C0 e1 G4 b& N/ Q& B) S"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, P: p0 a- P! K& Y, T, t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 3 T. |. D) K: ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * Z9 i+ w: f0 e! K: v9 }& ]"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 5 U6 W1 h# ?3 D6 r: v5 w- w# V6 K2 B, P. tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 6 V, P3 n6 }: _! [ }5 _. j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, % s: G# v; s: g+ f% F0 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 o p7 U: _" e p& [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 4 ~. V0 i5 b, t$ {% U6 N7 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ! ]/ s5 R2 R& G: P& ~: Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 8 Q+ f8 \2 s3 S ]! U+ `" v5 ?; d& wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 7 V0 C/ o, N; N& A0 `4 j4 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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0 U9 i) W. }% `6 L9 S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,/ q, c' q5 a* h+ Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定% A2 j% j( X. k# L 12.0pt">, % O, y# g7 U/ O7 T4 H4 @) m"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ) [5 w; q$ `8 T. t5 E: f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: s# j5 G9 S. \# ?) U0 G/ y"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:7 p/ C% r! p vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 4 g3 @% k! Q* ?+ a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 2 ~3 ?: d) K+ g- i! {8 ?+ [3 I. L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, l+ w& h! R, H0 b7 Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, , L4 J- x/ K1 u( d$ I1 X, i: J9 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: / Q8 H. t8 O$ D( L/ p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ; S$ c9 y, ?1 M9 S- p9 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 1 t+ ~% ?8 r* T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊