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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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* N Z5 v b; [/ G* u' xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 0 M$ x1 g7 [0 K7 {; a* i/ K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, / w$ F# D# A& ?6 K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% E+ V6 D1 j% A1 w* n "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 6 L$ d8 j6 b# @1 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,/ G; @5 b9 p0 S4 t4 f6 { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! b" J/ e: I/ ?: D"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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9 ?- x& G }# ?/ q" mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 3 v/ @; V, g7 g+ W1 Z; i1 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, + p" @# S# x/ Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! \ d6 }% Q6 C! j% ^" \"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,6 `* M/ q2 W V* Q9 ~, Q l ( C6 \# T7 b+ e6 W: Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ; D2 ~3 t+ ]& W, o3 r* m9 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 3 h4 M+ @; }+ D$ R$ ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 r# G% S: N( h4 X "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, # B( v5 G5 O N4 u- [. n/ @+ smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, " b/ J2 I) Q# N/ S7 v( u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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) w6 O4 F6 y, R: l% r# J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 8 u& q6 I+ W- I4 l- L# M2 F0 a3 h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# m8 g3 ^' z$ O' s' O( o8 `/ A "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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8 A* Q/ _( M6 Z. Y3 ]# _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 7 ?- G3 U }& F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ + A- ]# h9 i7 r& @9 V+ q' x2 D/ z: M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 5 Z' G2 }! r9 w: f( N- a" U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 1 S! A2 r e+ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 5 d3 S" F- b7 r- }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 9 Z/ t8 ]5 m% f8 m& b3 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 e W. t3 l( N; Q4 [0 @8 _( E"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 2 f0 L" _: L) |2 v1 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ) c: `+ v. i, A9 l3 Z. g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 Z' R" [: H# | S+ B"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 5 g9 ~; R1 R# a! p$ H- @, E S% N3 Q/ K6 B0 O2 G5 A- K7 F; S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, # u7 P5 c7 z+ ]6 c* ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * n$ r% u, I5 w: Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) f. S! O# p9 C/ w' r t"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 9 n1 X; a# l& U0 e/ r! h \* G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: - ]4 E) d: ^9 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . Y6 c% V$ R9 C$ c/ G6 ^"Times New Roman"">“ 0 g1 P2 L9 [9 N" N9 f f0 ?8 } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 8 ?- Q- I& W- r+ C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” g2 _* K3 p$ ^& s1 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ( s- s0 U0 D* Q$ E1 H1 K0 O5 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 s5 f* h1 O4 f" V1 i6 |: q "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: # V5 I1 ]( s( u q# F e# T2 q# ]: \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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$ e: X1 P5 P: ^ f# ]# [( Z! Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ) r+ P' `4 o) O$ ^+ r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 7 M1 X5 [1 n; U8 q! N ]! [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! Y& t+ S- y8 q( w( x5 O( C "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,3 b& R+ ~4 T* O+ x6 g: d 4 Z& A* e" T% }5 o2 ]: @1 s8 J. }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, + n/ o# u/ }) n9 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & Y5 V( j0 @ x0 F) b [& o! e"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ( ?5 O3 B1 g# j& L: u' E0 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 p, a8 K# S- v! w, p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里) H/ D3 A# {( T) G$ b) Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 0 z0 A! o3 i$ `0 g" N3 d6 @! E/ q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(0 Q% K" O* j; S& Q8 ^1 n) A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), + E* o! _& [0 ` U9 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / M U" z, X/ y, Y7 x0 j"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用( G& J2 q/ p) b3 S. J. Q' X12.0pt">, 3 P. i' R/ u8 K0 M) B! \( d: b1 z$ Z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 6 `9 Y {: |3 A5 D; Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% z! i/ i6 C' M" }/ {: @3 y0 h "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, $ l, j- c \/ A& ]+ U8 D% Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!6 a* W! x1 C) G( \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, & O6 T8 Y. b q% r4 H! wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 Y, W9 k' O' w. u4 I' w"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: $ E" U, }5 u" O3 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, . w& k* [1 }7 @& M4 R% Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, / l0 j B- U9 {2 M2 [+ Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 p& I+ H' [2 X "Times New Roman"">“ 9 g( l$ {2 g3 ?1 R! omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”9 E, }& g, z3 X# K 12.0pt"> ' ?0 V G* m0 M0 p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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' \$ y5 L6 d( t3 g* w1 P& p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ( K1 L, ?8 |1 a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 }2 T' x; x, S3 ]# O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 } ?' m+ m" r2 B3 E7 W"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, & P4 z9 o' k8 t. a5 t5 H' d6 _% jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, - g8 f4 `+ U9 Z$ Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 8 h" Q$ ], k. B2 o4 o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" W) c& H8 K" E9 M "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ' Z( C8 J( }% C8 Z( @) s* c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” # T6 t6 K T' e* S+ Z/ J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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( b4 h; ]5 @. f$ U. w* `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, : r7 F6 O) o3 o Y$ k( }6 z! F9 X- `* { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " F/ \5 } K, F' a+ h9 N"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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4 w6 F# v# k8 E; ~. ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, / g( k; ?2 n) f/ u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ; @+ u' D9 m* w$ I0 q# o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( ?' b' @# _% O"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,/ a, Q8 I" i* P " n9 W3 H2 Z/ |' N# n Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, # X. y! L5 S6 y2 C3 e6 v- R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: M, a6 g- O& m. F& _* \9 E8 w! a* O"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,5 t8 r: x9 F/ _ A3 J- N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, & k) ]% G* r# ?8 F+ y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 }9 s. l- Z b"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题% c- k$ u2 }4 z y7 ?- ? 12.0pt">: / L4 p5 d7 h4 i* Z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ) t, Q6 f4 ]& B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% Q: f2 O: l' h9 T: y4 P8 H "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才( P9 J: P0 C! l% m 12.0pt">, : u) O% i D" w% B7 C5 G5 M "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 7 i$ W, @) w; f9 m0 V; ]. K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: v# I% G' s/ M* ]. h "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 0 t% |2 j( i- U& P) i G4 a& vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 2 g5 I, Z9 |: o6 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 5 s5 H9 {0 p! M( J8 t. vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& ~& Z, _7 c! @: o7 Q# E) S# r4 g p "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题; ]0 b5 \$ U' d( a 12.0pt">; - c# I; t! O# y0 i) @; w3 N"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, " A4 | w8 z: b" H6 x& m1 _& D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ l3 o: q7 p9 L/ E' W "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求$ K& s0 m2 ]+ }/ T8 m12.0pt">: - ~% Q- q- Q0 X "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 1 Q- ~: K# G6 H. c. u& Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 b' k0 y [: v" i- Y. B "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, , m+ K4 L% b- d; ]2 `* U* s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ ]& P5 X& T3 @" c, @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * W& v0 U# L" X9 U* p"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统/ z( `" i8 B, P8 ^ 12.0pt">:

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% @% z2 a- `) k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, + R, W3 [1 A3 N* n$ ]# o7 R* [' N8 P& kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 b c: l, k. D" ~ "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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& W$ ^5 n# K( I- o5 w J- v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ; D0 X8 P {) a# |( u1 a8 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 k$ i1 p; G f% q' {"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, , M o) y9 p/ V( B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ) `2 D: ?* M! A: y2 }( {# R1 n/ L) H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! y, i, _3 [, e& J: j/ z"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ; s4 E4 j3 f. Y8 E+ e" t* |+ C. ~* K6 R, G. \# i0 z; Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, . x( a% u2 E: ^: J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) Y" A! q: b# ^ ]! K3 A& B1 N0 z "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 9 k0 x1 v \3 J. F8 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 2 o% I T8 n/ w- v' y$ S# k5 X7 l9 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: : \: _1 T& c! Y) }8 l: Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 r2 b9 ^! S; Q" m/ T6 n! W"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, . t# d' @+ _' z3 ^5 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 7 z2 o# ^0 r) n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 @) z/ A- d& k6 j7 k/ e. k! F "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ! d: @ z1 O: W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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+ c7 B+ |/ o8 v. }) i2 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,1 e) t \1 D, Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : l$ k4 s2 D! S6 `- R8 x1 S"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& T+ x% l( @* `! h 12.0pt">, 1 Q! }, }; }& G- `$ G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 4 Q6 ~9 \ k4 J n$ n, R7 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 y) m- w& F$ |0 Z+ C/ i$ q "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:5 g% ]% U' C8 j+ C9 L7 O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 9 b/ s2 Q! K) C8 l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ; t4 N- }0 D. s! d K4 l D6 U" |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, t! l7 [2 G$ Q7 c b "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ; F% p Z/ W0 v2 D. [* N; T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, & Y: y0 h5 a* ]0 {5 ?6 x0 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 g3 d2 W J F% d/ c; ]2 z"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 1 V! Y# X I3 {% T/ \: `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! }7 ]6 i7 y$ v, @: N0 ?4 m6 ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ; Q- K; X+ U/ }6 t/ W" _3 a! Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ o( Q3 z# L" Y "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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