漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

& h) j2 H+ V# @/ m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, % j; F0 J2 e5 ]& I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, # k- t4 W5 X3 K5 p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; ?. H+ \1 m. }$ i"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 5 Z2 i0 ]+ q- A* g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,, G" z P& }1 ~' x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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/ W0 t6 R- e; @# F8 s) m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 2 p4 p" N) x8 ?5 C6 q o3 ~: \0 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, }" S5 R$ k# O& Z+ r9 I0 M, D) k( }0 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, / q8 r3 W7 A" c) M3 ~8 H' P }7 L( rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, , \( r& L2 A4 L# K" ]7 J& E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 1 J2 H: P, y$ z' m3 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % o# N4 J C {' C( w) ~' K3 a"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 2 J6 ?2 \' J+ _/ B% V# n4 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, : t6 m; L$ @+ O3 V4 f! r& n+ z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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/ c4 s" | F3 [/ ?. [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, / x6 ~3 L: q% r6 W) B) r. xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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6 ?! N$ W2 {. Z7 {: D, @3 T/ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, - ?$ i! U' {, L+ c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 1 G4 m% Q0 K, z! ?( l& q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 9 u) l; ~& i2 x( P* L* u! r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) Y" g) c& b( Q9 ]% o; R; X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” - c" s% \' O. _; _6 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 0 l$ o( b, f* f9 X: e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ O/ h6 G9 [5 a$ w"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 4 S1 |" [9 Z$ m3 Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, : \' b5 w9 e2 F0 ^( ^) U0 C5 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / o, X6 z/ M3 T u+ ["Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ( G- R) B- R3 B0 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, * e7 ~1 Q% u' |8 F" ]; r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 6 [( l* f S8 [- z& Q9 I8 g+ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " z7 ?6 W3 l. X0 E0 B7 h; d"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, # X: H: K) W' y4 t' ^: @9 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: + k4 C3 ]+ M8 v- [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 7 k3 t0 g4 e2 j' V" ]0 N) N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ! s L$ d* u% z9 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” & Q/ ]# f! c0 k2 g0 s7 I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ; Y$ D4 M8 d+ u* v/ e; gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " Q* a4 ]! a9 T"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ' h! M! I" f) ^7 q" y: u' i3 ?1 Y% F* x" D% q! a4 V/ |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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8 ?9 h7 o. `' m0 {- l$ Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 6 ]& Q. S3 `! s9 c# E5 ~& H+ K' R5 |, w1 P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % O8 W# r% E$ t1 G$ L$ t; nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 O* p4 q C T) z# s% K"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 8 ~ a0 Q' W3 y& M- W# f- ~# l( S, F3 z. a8 x Q% l+ a& ^8 @9 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ! L! v( Z8 Q; }, U$ [9 ] M7 X' A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( q# X4 M9 q( A+ i$ }"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, : s- k) V* L" R' Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 & T. K+ z) Q8 G y% k& D" e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里1 T0 G, g- @+ z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 % J0 S! p/ I( M* p& W& A( B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(7 `0 z1 w9 r' Y2 z8 K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 3 z; f' Q$ `' h; ~- \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ l" W3 n+ _( M# P O$ r7 U% y"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用/ D+ {4 C: f1 ]0 r12.0pt">, & e( T( c) c) ]. N4 i "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 9 r' U$ @+ y' O" s8 {) [8 ^8 X' |" Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / K# h' p( j; F1 Q3 _/ L4 J, d* L. f"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, " g, Y- G7 D$ i6 n: {5 r2 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!$ f, ~- i h: P& O" t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, : U1 u" x- C7 Z) j9 g& ]- E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 |3 U! \7 t/ K* Y! n9 o& r, E+ s"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: . n+ \- B; p) F2 b0 l r3 u" zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 J# m* B0 L; ^" B! B# A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, , Q8 K2 w* K5 Y5 U1 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ K t* c5 b6 p ]/ D" D0 n. C" ~2 }9 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”) B' J! E- q; j5 X. L12.0pt"> : j) y. S2 \4 c8 s6 ?8 l "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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+ ~) ^* A# O: ?( `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 5 H3 C8 f: }) g; p" u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, : `' o1 [: Q, b7 Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, . D: |% Z8 V' N% |) g9 ?% k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 9 H. o/ K% G' L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, # G/ s$ c' T% b! i% ]0 ~9 ^+ _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % n6 P2 V1 c0 n: V/ X! C0 r, M"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ # Z1 f3 `7 f1 Q0 s9 [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ) W) X) Q. J; w. k9 v; S6 B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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, w \ X+ ~& f$ S% ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, , ?1 x$ z) x6 c0 K- r# c) p% o" yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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0 S& F" b& V! q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ' l s9 P S8 ?% ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, . i: D$ B( l G1 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 r& Q9 w9 @3 ^"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, # _+ q4 x: s2 y% wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, # J. ~; V w9 Y4 w* Q: _* ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 }: s+ P6 l. C, ["Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,, B4 ^/ m8 |4 `! q+ v& @' p# Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, - m2 a4 i: {( D+ X0 w8 G6 [" Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题! M+ |) W2 M% G12.0pt">: 9 U0 y A; f- b8 r# j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 3 L0 E9 T) Z& i& D: Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才. H0 S3 `! b8 \. N G0 K 12.0pt">, ( [3 k0 {% x9 U"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ' c0 f/ x9 x. o2 P9 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 R# o6 x) F1 X. n# S2 J"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ) `5 n' w+ P" Z! amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ' E: l2 T, F) D# l. L) ?4 M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ( d( y& b2 q9 C+ \3 z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 m) I* X+ F- r! J5 T P+ W0 X* W"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题5 A( j( a2 k, j& f0 q0 Q. D# J 12.0pt">; ! ^" a8 |* x9 L' U) B"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ; u4 L: ?, \; @0 M6 ?! p- [& s: Z$ l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 ]: D$ x, G2 ]* d1 Y' X) t+ V, Q"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求% N- ~; o) c. Y, [* a- E* @ 12.0pt">: ( q6 C+ Z6 ~; {2 F( [7 L" K& l "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 8 \( b5 ?# X, R$ Q f( }, n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, / u7 |" s0 m" a% c% O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, : U4 g& W3 g& ^1 d) hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统) y& Z8 w0 Q9 V% K* R) w12.0pt">:

 

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8 r8 ^( L2 e P: E+ ]8 T4 J9 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 0 h& O4 \( n$ B1 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” + w3 P; i Y5 V1 k9 w% D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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S+ h2 H2 }& F8 i/ l, }7 z: z3 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 2 H3 ~$ [6 N! k/ s a) l, y- C4 \! X ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! |$ B2 X5 G6 l* K0 a- F6 m"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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) b/ u7 O% q! W7 [$ {" ~5 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 9 q% ]8 w7 O8 i7 j- r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , ]' s& `$ h# ^0 o4 Q6 r L"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ; Z2 V" F! G* c' |; q! o$ u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ) g2 M6 |# q4 t/ w, ?1 I P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, * _( J5 Q' K k, D- m+ N. p G# P# A- i: \: ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, : P3 e% w c2 n1 g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, + q' e6 Q7 M" i. p6 T$ G4 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, . z+ A" S% X) w& \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 6 [3 M$ Q$ M: g0 D ^! t4 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, - [5 g' S. j j+ ?6 R* @, ~* f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 3 L$ [0 l9 K) ?9 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 F' ~% L7 ^8 G( a4 a- z/ P"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, / P7 L4 C4 f7 n5 W2 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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& T+ i5 d" e/ a/ p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上," o4 A5 c; V E. `3 W" Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定$ n& `' H) _( ~# I 12.0pt">, 3 v& p3 `, s' B5 z+ y, Z( ["Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, " G2 \# J6 }# c% _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 @/ h/ o$ \# m p"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:2 p7 a1 m& |- X. ?6 e" B9 t3 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ) p* [+ V. p. ?$ W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 1 e8 Y/ ]& {" y: Y+ Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, \9 K$ k; `2 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, * y1 J1 F/ k9 K3 _7 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: * t4 E# Z7 c" x: V, s. L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ - Y6 T6 K% Y0 k( i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 j% Q; S8 g" O* s' q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊