|
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, $ D( K2 |* c1 F) `5 h
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ I3 C" f$ E U
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"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, + H- j$ a( Z1 I& a: }1 c
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,/ O7 g* H/ ~. i- t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, L" }6 Z+ l( F3 U"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 8 k8 ]& H. K2 a( y1 `; r$ \
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- U1 w. u `: [3 _% T+ ^ L2 G/ o% |- f2 N$ s9 C
7 L( K! n1 F% p+ G! w/ a9 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, : w/ A% Q' C, T h5 l/ P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, # C5 i8 y/ }( a* d" u gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 z' G6 f) K x, W/ O/ ~"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
6 L7 H+ C+ y9 ~* C( d/ w* `+ O# J: w. y m& H- r6 i9 Y& O' Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ' ^ _" C$ u; s5 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ' }5 N2 p$ m' K! L: i( Z- G2 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 x8 B$ Q$ x3 K# ^9 c
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 l2 F$ Z$ r4 p( [- z6 e* imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, / L% ?. [. A- O" w( b
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
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, P3 B9 [( g+ r5 r; a7 M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因," ~+ t3 n$ m2 Z5 k2 ~, |' |3 z
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 H0 x) X$ o A4 G9 n+ Q: A"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
. S1 K: q/ F. A% l. y3 b( l/ O% {) l5 y* D4 r
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, . `0 S, n* l- s' E2 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ + U+ H# T9 { K3 S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” # v7 u' E7 _, T. v7 _, K& z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ' `" f* Z; t% F$ f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” / }& F& r4 _0 w4 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, # e5 c+ u3 L5 I3 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- m, H; L9 {! j% Y0 j"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ; p4 _$ O0 J& Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, & o. [6 V" O6 D, K/ u' v/ R
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) ?: ^, \# g& U6 ^+ P1 E"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,$ t' c. \) P9 L- E+ q) \
) u5 `# D) P& h: Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ e8 T& E) p+ z) e& P; x; J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 4 M! H/ z/ H7 v
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 H; ]2 \7 D ?. {$ K"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, F6 m! O8 x& {5 [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ' j8 ]$ c Q. L2 S1 q* w! Q
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"Times New Roman"">“ 8 C. F0 E- J; Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % E+ A0 M6 g& x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ) [: x- g! K r; d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, * @, b! X3 A( j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 H3 Z2 ~6 p; z"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:4 j7 b' {- N; T$ A O6 u/ ]% K
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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}8 t E7 C2 S, ~* U2 E4 |! ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 7 T. Y* s* o# W7 U1 [1 x+ o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 6 ~, G" Q1 T5 w9 D. O# P9 G7 B* Q5 _5 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ O3 y" y5 ~) R, y1 G! n
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,/ y, J( L L% _' l
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 7 g% a. g/ M/ hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" y" o0 y7 g5 j& l5 P"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ! I. P" S& D) R e4 G9 S
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ( S0 L! n+ }; a
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里' y1 C& ~+ x- H. ?+ g1 \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 # v. r! z# p @- \! I) H$ Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(: @- Z9 K' t. M6 p; c0 f% T3 n X. h$ A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 3 q S9 S9 e, z. Q8 B6 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: g" o w4 _( Q( ?+ Q8 W. N: t9 Y6 n
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用& }, ?+ Q# q$ w7 J$ m5 d* O
12.0pt">, - X/ B3 L! r) o- l"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 5 W6 [+ V# |% nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 x9 Q) O- q/ i$ {, r
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, $ D$ F1 R/ n' f8 y: b) b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!$ W6 v) x) F- J8 O D. ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 V C' Q* s, u" a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 ^1 c5 K* G+ p# W8 e% \/ Q"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ) _- `- ?3 @% _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 E3 X6 A9 Q* d$ J# K" W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 6 F" B6 w+ P1 O' \. Q6 ?* e
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 h$ S8 Y {/ Z. b" ^+ m. z
"Times New Roman"">“ $ ]- O1 x' d9 v# r& h' [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”: I$ T7 R- c P4 z- ?& Y12.0pt"> - B( B/ q" u( {. `/ h# u
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。
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2 h: i" H3 O& w9 H x! ?% ]3 g! K- q! b Q1 p; ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 6 k$ ]( r: h, Y5 `: }7 Y# B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 5 [) G0 D2 _. h' K
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* S* j6 O: h/ I) D& T/ \
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, + Z4 i. _1 w, k @, `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 5 o6 ?( R' d* g' l1 r3 x. d+ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 9 w; ?- J$ Z$ `8 t, w7 J2 I
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
/ ~3 N i( O* S3 o2 }$ L" G, `"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 2 R( ?; r; \( j# n5 M0 k
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 9 g7 k# f$ V0 a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
# Q% d' F: F) c! `! j+ z
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7 p: j) f( K' w. E5 z) R# [. b/ _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
# }4 c( Y9 W) ^7 P# H3 E9 Y' x- f8 F* ?" vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 H' X1 X! d; f. T$ n
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
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9 k* s9 X0 E8 g- v! {
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& d# U! v; U) W) o) e" ]2 W& s8 b6 Q
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 J9 s! {! q* R( i' e# ?& j R2 y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ( f% v. Q6 g' Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; H9 d: {: V* o3 O) L- Z
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,' B+ \* `0 I. J5 x/ x( z# M6 g0 O, e
1 q5 r5 q( ?2 Z `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, " c) j2 `: w" j( V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 @: N1 A$ {9 a; B; N. P"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,1 l& w/ _3 Y. r3 {
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, {% C* r) w. ~1 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 P0 B) A9 ~7 x9 D6 U* m, `/ U4 f
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题' B" f5 U% n. l) ?0 J; d; L, z8 o12.0pt">: 6 m7 u* A8 k) M' U7 ^* l
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: " }8 T/ k1 s% Q7 N( P" Y% x
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: i% V4 V* C( v( s& }. @" s"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才, T0 W7 a' E: B; ]$ U/ g
12.0pt">, " E( v; O) ?! z/ P8 ?$ b$ v3 P"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, - a" t6 [+ z3 y kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 E4 x7 Q/ H4 m2 t% g; W0 C
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ( Q1 S7 ]6 V4 d: W* bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ( j# B( A- @( ` `! w4 u. B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 9 c8 J. N) i/ Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& Q5 z5 \8 f8 H2 a4 f2 H; W& o"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题' t4 M1 o* X1 D4 r. h9 I+ g12.0pt">; ( W; Y y! f7 |
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 6 A* U7 c5 G/ H r1 t
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
\0 M) U$ { t8 X"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求, k1 j6 W$ V2 u4 u: K12.0pt">: 9 V- q: Y+ V1 Q3 n3 ~5 j& |
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; : Q# q$ M7 l/ p4 W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ @' K6 z# B0 U. l" d
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 6 w/ R2 W4 k* L& ]# r' Z1 v3 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 7 c3 V& c# f7 W3 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) [! Q ~ J* ^7 P! Q5 {
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统* m0 ]2 s3 K( I0 O9 V* l8 [12.0pt">:
, I, I0 W0 x, o- A( s9 e3 R! z: t$ f; b; ]1 j3 E! t% B: Q3 n
7 J* S; J7 f. c# k+ r3 J0 l, t' ~
' I$ }& R" l; y( Q5 g2 `- T( d( Q I* d; M( s" ^: J. \9 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ " J6 N/ f$ }( K' L/ e! @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” : |* A- t" N1 H6 }9 F1 M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
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! ]2 Y. j3 p. i4 k$ U3 `7 a4 f( q6 C $ s8 q( q: H# y; z, v- k
/ @ G3 K8 ]3 `1 v1 k( W3 ~; I: z5 V9 ~; }, u) Y. mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> * O/ J7 |6 i ?1 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> / U4 f" C a4 Q+ Q; L3 T( M
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' x4 k, |4 \. ?. I5 I" F2 S: }2 w( v% G8 T9 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
* U2 p2 [! Z4 [, V$ f, }; p; Q& H" ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% ^$ ]9 Z( _1 |, Y3 o
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 & {! A* t0 t- O6 C
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4 ?" @$ {6 C3 O, N7 B0 }! D; f/ T6 ?/ ^ q: { l" [! R; hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 2 L- Y) R* P' `" |0 F6 s* D, `
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' L5 w7 m/ f) g% U" U0 l6 ?
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 2 [. c0 r- j7 p p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, & G2 O) X6 o0 Q0 X9 _. {$ u8 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" q# q, R: H* o* Z! p: D" F
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,, g0 N; y6 O4 _" n' J7 J
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, " X7 T0 _' A% C( J, x$ R
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- m2 q+ R4 \; M3 r/ l) A"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, & J2 r/ I. ^! w' O& q: U5 Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ( J$ _. V) r9 e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 7 ?7 |- J. Z+ V1 C( a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" F1 Y( m4 `; i" g% p+ q& F8 ?
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 7 P1 p7 m& z9 l W% @. ]3 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ( o3 [& z _+ K, v: t% X4 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" i1 U2 a3 m2 o8 c6 K. o. _
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - I5 z, Z7 z+ F, h+ D1 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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5 k' s+ ^9 m# g2 C* Q: C0 ^5 d h3 ?) r' Z/ X7 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,+ s4 k9 C# f6 l3 r/ b
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# @& q9 ~$ ]6 Y8 a4 _& f6 J. t
"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定$ K" q: o7 s0 D4 O0 Q' e12.0pt">, ! G* B1 @$ B/ Q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / n; a3 k# x7 t, b0 t3 Y' v6 x% lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- N* g( J5 S- Q, p"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:$ _+ V0 B9 r9 ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 9 q6 v# b' s$ ~! c: ]/ k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 8 ^1 _( s& w8 K3 O. W" \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ ?9 ]! Y& ?# u
"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 8 f$ |1 A/ c! x% @2 u3 b6 ]
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, " b3 k- E1 @* N. u% k
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"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: " L$ k }( |- }: l$ I6 E' l* P$ ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ / a( d6 p$ J3 ~7 F& }
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 4 v7 \+ H2 v+ V' f# M% B, o( Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' y7 z0 G# [ K5 L# e1 a; s6 r"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |