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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第: S+ H/ e3 w/ G7 G: i- K( U5 emso-font-kerning:0pt">2& m- a: p2 v" M# `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。( A7 [; d: F% |& i) Emso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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* K8 X% X; V1 h% ], w! s1 HTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。2 w$ W) w* e& c' I2 H6 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, B* q$ ?" k+ r3 Y/ K& dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经) Z2 g2 l4 ~7 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">•* g$ @3 h/ f) ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;) D2 E/ l6 h+ m5 r
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- U2 G! h7 x' X, Y7 v% ?mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。& e9 |7 p5 U: C; L5 E" Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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# @( O2 x5 V9 j( Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。+ c% ]( k3 D- F# E5 L; Z! v0 j10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">’”
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: u" ]& ]2 v+ s+ m% _% f: U" s3 S! XTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？# F5 y+ H0 @7 w' N' M+ J* U* W0pt">
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3 {, @* b* p& eTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，$ Q' Y: Z: X3 K. j. v% j$ x
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: x+ O6 ?# D2 Y+ tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。2 m* K* s7 v. Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种+ n5 Q' f. w7 p/ K
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" ^% `! F% _% T2 B0 v% U- {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的- {, E' }9 N9 l/ e7 H% Z* W
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. ^5 C. T" x$ P' i9 Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，9 v6 h! Z4 X7 X9 h( t8 f, u! y9 ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">“- @. r8 |2 ^8 m+ @
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% i+ ~4 v0 ~6 z: |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。: |! z" g% S% @: l; ~) C6 Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌6 |; K u7 g, x$ W3 s% jmso-font-kerning:0pt">305; z+ O' j6 |1 {$ k( ~
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视. O9 F" Z9 g) e9 D/ i% mmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# {7 t+ o# i9 s) gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;' ]3 ?! u! S1 K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。# K( j; Z8 O: Z, E- k' Q# ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">”8 `/ s* ?, F2 f3 I
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) u4 A' J- v: \ X9 G# d: }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语/ J7 u6 ~. [0 r) ], Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">•: Q+ @& L9 c8 E5 l; }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）7 @' Y/ J* {. g: T) _( k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。3 H. m1 M. Z6 J) O6 |9 C4 h
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过5 Y* k( r) G7 e& i/ ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">“, p) S6 @0 @/ d& |# f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨* ^; v# N; q! x7 d" V7 e$ n" Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”! E$ z5 o6 d% M- D5 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
: U6 Y' d8 z, o# x+ B' V/ z7 J) P" emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人/ X: k- r: \& u$ X. o0 j- {
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" B* f0 v( |, h7 @" [( }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪. s @- {, P- J+ ?0 J- F2 C
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/ z: D8 z% \: k" m) p7 H4 }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。( ~& h* A+ u9 A8 q4 B7 w! lmso-font-kerning:0pt"> L1 w+ F# o5 L0 }. K5 O, j9 Z
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。5 e( s. C( X3 @* B1 k& L2 ]9 R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。7 o/ u1 V4 H3 N! a2 l( D
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。% |7 D2 G! v/ P: F7 s& F. Amso-font-kerning:0pt">——% i2 I, D1 R# V: _" A6 R' j' V8 D
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, i, D Y3 {- |( b: \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”' s+ \8 K' @6 w5 Y I
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。 B4 ~- U6 y8 m4 qmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 4 }* u& |# L# m4 B4 x# L
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。/ ~# X2 f+ X/ ~+ x1 C+ [5 F- s# fmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ H) s5 D m" F% c- }/ V Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;7 T9 t* P5 E( n J6 R' \
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于3 ?4 ?) T2 P" b( P: @ Emso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 I }+ c7 _- } j" a( F! qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;1 G" U3 g3 N9 z& R0 |$ x
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9 T5 I3 D% P8 u {. \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓 A4 G! \$ ~8 I' j5 E% n
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# o0 Q- i1 @* W U" Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓" N* j! b, v- u. Imso-font-kerning:0pt">“' q. N$ q; x6 H; \( _: U! y5 e" \' \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;& t! o% `1 v/ Y9 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓0 _1 M* ~: Q- l( t/ @/ |7 E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群+ @* P2 c9 l3 nmso-font-kerning:0pt">”4 |3 U3 i! U. g0 ~ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;1 M$ \, j$ ~# U# R; {* o+ ^8 u+ n0 w
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓2 }9 V4 [$ O$ xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 {8 ^& @$ b+ u7 v6 f" Y
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2 N* q2 J# ~* ~; Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨; P0 x+ ~' P& J! n& ]" {mso-font-kerning:0pt">”/ Q! v! e9 X J. o6 `1 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
) L7 V' G+ ]7 Z0 c# [* ^6 M$ X, Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼3 v( _& S- I1 Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“! C% L: f) m/ a( V, y& L- k* Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
; k# e g1 y5 F) j' h% A- h$ gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤9 T8 A) j+ x4 B3 H5 @/ R4 C7 t* X
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语; O w% ~+ J5 b4 E p$ qmso-font-kerning:0pt">.7 l7 w- ~1 ?; P& M" s# j" ]3 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
" {* [% |4 Y# ~4 j umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能: }5 A. ?3 v/ ^3 u/ c1 Q
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7 O+ s2 [! \3 }" O( Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹8 M# }4 x1 R# G4 j9 \& xmso-font-kerning:0pt">.2 A, Q. K0 R' B! ?3 V9 _3 R' Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;. j8 Y* X1 U2 a) b. ?( P" L. V( `
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人/ \& d3 M5 S1 \5 ~
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。/ Q# d* i( K* W1 B6 Z
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1 P5 O7 X( A3 y2 u& b8 [Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。: x) A i: g9 r8 Q1 gmso-font-kerning:0pt">* E- q# H1 q& @, k8 _0 _# ?' Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;8 u$ p: {/ T( v e
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z4 N) J1 k$ TTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。/ l2 _5 E! i1 R# m# s/ h$ ~
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱+ }0 Q# ]& q, w' n6 \7 E& ?9 V
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7 L4 W- x0 t/ W% RTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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