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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第8 ]& l: b/ Q; {) h; ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">28 s9 S* m+ f, {! i' u% g9 t
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0 `/ E5 G. D5 j0 Q' ]0 ]4 W- Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：/ n! w1 I w. ^( \mso-font-kerning:0pt">"& G: O% i( C2 U3 k6 T1 P8 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
* O0 C9 P4 r) F" u) U4 C Lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。3 J% r2 ` Z, tmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。/ \( \) s2 d% j$ L5 n& N
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经0 K6 Y2 @. S3 N V0 Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">•$ r& f R7 s0 \' o hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;, `0 R, z% c" ?8 W* |7 y
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Q/ V; r7 X7 ]: [9 T, ~& ?mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。0 l+ T( Y7 A7 g' {% i& w+ g5 O3 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是7 I5 w, s/ [) c% m z
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& L2 D4 [* m: ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。' M4 U0 w, o* L' n0 r0 U- z10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">’”
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？! X' b ^' ], \7 R2 C, g0 V; \
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，! w% u$ z) U( k1 W! Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">"& O2 W+ F+ k% I6 A/ ~. d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。, i) p9 Q6 f) i- P6 E/ C
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9 D* s; X5 u" A( H6 V- Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐: |" E+ D9 W: ^/ T1 T6 j Q3 |
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0 ` s) M3 c4 O8 |* o. C7 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种. k& a+ t. h; S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的6 z5 h; J( j2 g& g4 v/ M# x$ H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，6 [, I- ~. C/ r* n
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌4 q. Q# n6 r( y3 omso-font-kerning:0pt">305 m- L/ F) Z, L! Q. A
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! I8 Q9 k, V, Y* ]6 J9 amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：: J3 T/ T- G8 k3 r0 } R
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# j+ U! w% w6 P" `* b) C" R7 Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。1 B! K; x: r- i6 kmso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 ?# l( \ H( p( v' y* j8 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 t( }& p4 Q# a4 f6 x& A! t- F& O
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* E: a+ _1 s3 ~4 a* j! J5 g4 X- X9 Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。5 E; c/ g0 Z \5 r1 J+ dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”) F4 {- K& A) q' r& @" f; Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;; n5 X$ W5 _, Q+ W& `# d% F0 x
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, ]& s3 `9 s: A# {6 M2 \- \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过8 Y. i, y) _5 s7 t0 ?1 L6 [
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! }" P; x5 _0 q7 Y( O. U$ Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨" [+ B) j( K: }0 f& X; r+ V! cmso-font-kerning:0pt">”# x% Q) O2 `- D0 T0 q% e
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。4 [4 k% Z4 }. I8 f! q+ Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">"6 K0 E# G6 w6 i- M8 F( N F$ ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
$ q9 h- w& d# ~/ dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。/ ?; o4 ?/ p; V1 m
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$ |) U8 g7 U, G0 X3 hTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。' e/ ~; M8 C; d6 ^
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7 t$ T7 s- z2 S R0 nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">歪批, W l# a) n7 \3 n) P1 F- S I
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9 l2 u9 D/ X3 z! G; g( E jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”+ G. I% _! t' d: i
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/ T( q! ^9 K4 j, Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。9 f2 F- r, i7 B; j0 J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。: `5 P3 j0 M, e0 {& {
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于2 y2 j9 U" X3 l* J8 C* J# E+ t
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1 F6 Q& F3 r) y- M( jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观; ?: u1 Q- y0 O! m* gmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ A3 t: W/ B. n: `4 z+ M6 _/ Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;- e( q- X0 Y$ G3 b' k
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% n1 A, T, a8 i1 v- s0 N% n3 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓" A$ t+ i& W/ Y5 J3 L# H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓+ s) h% q" ^/ Q8 h8 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“1 J- }" e+ O: P, y8 ~) d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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) y8 B9 W* U) ?5 @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓2 ^7 f9 H/ p: a0 ]/ r. Omso-font-kerning:0pt">“( m U( R/ q9 n: l- J
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓& f) }. C2 z3 M# y `mso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 _- ?4 D3 @( W- Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
5 i4 Y# ^4 ?4 Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨, ~4 c5 S+ t8 j7 z+ c/ H/ H7 `mso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 C$ j7 y5 m1 g! q# U; gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 f4 c+ k( x+ T
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼& o: e6 g" ?. J' x+ H
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|. G8 C9 D; z6 Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤6 w2 e8 `$ P& M: l* h# ?
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语* G2 R7 V: B: _4 H
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$ ^3 r$ k; ~; D( y3 Nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能/ B+ Q) n8 D6 R$ o0 s& b
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7 h, Z* [. z/ W5 F* P3 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒8 v" H) o$ u9 P1 Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">”/ L* m: z" W+ N6 [* R. I1 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;; E7 B0 l# t) f
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹9 x' ?" g/ }+ t5 D& O' m# i* S
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( P/ K2 ]0 L7 b+ V% V0 z7 tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人2 h4 E3 S- }5 f" _mso-font-kerning:0pt">“2 Q" o6 H- w+ f+ a8 x2 n/ F! Y8 I0 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 `. B0 f& O' B) F b# J& K3 U& Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪* u5 A7 H* q0 j( D3 \. C& t. ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">”; w" M: C& Y1 ?. D+ o; X }% y: @' Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;; ^ k, N* Z- }. _
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语# v2 u; x2 P2 K5 Q" |% @4 S
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0 Y* V( P! `' n% wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。! w& W# @* p9 n5 f# X; E8 H: Wmso-font-kerning:0pt"> * u3 N9 S: X: X1 ~* g( A/ P
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。4 A" R& ^# a7 \) Z( W% O2 K% V+ r
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。* A4 D7 |4 I9 {3 O9 _
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3 e+ q2 \& z: L0 q. VTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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