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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ; ^9 Q, u' C- e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, - ~! L9 e) e* ~2 k) W! ` s
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
M/ y. H! Q" d! a u5 l"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 8 k2 [+ D6 ~' A: A8 H( X* N- @ \1 k; B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,% k3 A- W' [# e5 K! w; w1 R
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"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
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5 l1 t5 R$ g* i7 Z"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, : w V, x8 B0 n8 x7 D& B- `7 X! A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ! l& `& I" ^) r' k8 t% ` p0 j
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 p8 x! j/ j' L% c; |! ^"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, , F/ k$ J9 U3 K1 w
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ; g/ V6 M( E; d3 S2 d6 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 8 H8 ~) C6 @) W& U8 t
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@! S/ R" B% i. P7 ^% k, S, |+ {$ S* [" M, S$ qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& `& j0 S+ L, P! L8 d
"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构 1 Q. w L+ W/ }2 y. _2 E W, m
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” * t0 N0 f. m+ P6 J+ F, V0 S
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ $ v% b8 J* X. @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 8 d" t0 B" _* h1 B* {9 M
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, / }6 x2 }6 I# Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- Z) _5 n% X0 b1 a+ Q"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ; m+ |! B; W" i) G4 Q. Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 C0 ^1 S# U! I) q$ y1 s3 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. w2 J* s$ ?0 i, V' x* q4 H
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, # N9 Z% x5 v1 s. b1 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 0 M( A' G+ e7 \! w# M" \/ |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& L4 X, ?. M5 F) ?
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 6 b+ L; B a6 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ! F' v! B% C" Q/ \; h2 T
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+ s) a) g$ s+ f2 k9 p+ v"Times New Roman"">“ 3 S! r$ A! d5 C
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 6 w# S3 d8 H: }4 P8 v$ `5 \& D. ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” / `/ U7 r3 l& ]: k/ ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 6 D2 b% o( s8 S: jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 [8 Z3 m# Z1 I% Y/ ]
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:2 B1 b! i: C. b9 c$ d/ D
. M0 z/ }4 C. ]9 ]/ J3 z0 l6 e2 b7 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 & P% c8 Y" s: M) r- i$ I; P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, * Z* M* O! H: s! _
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& f x9 M3 g# ~( k" S"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, . m% [0 s/ f2 n! ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 M$ ]% S" r6 J9 y% Y0 @% @
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ! Y$ Y# ~: U3 E! |, Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 * k6 K" V. H* ~- W4 K( G6 H5 a4 e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里6 N6 P. C* G5 o; vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 5 X W& H( f5 |4 I/ Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(1 \& {! y. x" a/ o7 H
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), , C" M% C( P$ f3 d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ `3 P+ ^6 m l- U; D5 k: a/ Z$ q
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用: @0 x% f& n& k12.0pt">, + a, }1 t/ L- D3 W! m! u
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, / e! |2 B' ]+ K1 \* b" a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: R8 x& E9 O' V G) H
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ( h& J n/ ?. E! Q9 s" f: Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!8 e) Y! O& |2 q' U, d. `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 3 k" L% s" X5 Q% L$ Z/ x$ X$ C, ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, V9 w0 D) F, S! I5 I
"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ' I& W7 L/ r9 x# u# U" T: t Y# Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 3 I. M" ^- v$ y3 e, e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 5 h1 ^7 f' @3 A. n5 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ l, q& e& r& F) W* }
"Times New Roman"">“ % C! s( E5 G* `. ~; ?" ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”& h+ O# g9 G' ^; y12.0pt"> 8 |, r& C' `2 I3 D5 w"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, + O: Q# P* u5 D; [5 m5 K% U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ p4 }4 S8 G0 C$ g- ?6 _: Z
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, % Z* p) [8 @8 v. Q% ]1 [3 V0 I! c
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, A. m: T3 h; P2 W- T* [4 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ! _; y( D' b3 l A- B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! n( `, ~8 |5 A$ J% H"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ; ]1 [ f; Y; ^. }
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” $ j4 F) b" l1 s+ R5 q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。 ) L( x! @& D5 X$ o; \! `" ?$ R5 M" ?
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1 r) m* J0 a8 c9 s0 M& [3 i8 I" n0 {& I7 O! n- ]8 ~* d1 F5 y( q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构 ) f) z7 u9 o" h/ B, ?, P0 `3 W
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% ]( A. v' X7 L& ~, K) ?$ z; {, a7 H+ f" Z. C- Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 8 p! s) y% C0 Y8 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, + {8 V: d9 Z p9 [$ v3 C0 V! k+ nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' W. O F, }5 k& N. y6 |"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
/ Z( w+ `) p. O; m# m* C0 `. I3 ?8 t; {6 I& \/ vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 5 U/ e3 W0 ^3 @& Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 k. c6 m# `/ Y7 K Z' _
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,) {- {. u2 w9 g9 G1 H' a6 n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ; Q0 f/ }% m" K9 ~6 q" {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 _, b- G0 v2 J8 ], V"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题: S3 v6 H$ w2 y6 G5 W! { ^12.0pt">: , U/ X7 ?, n- m/ R- n"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 6 I4 D0 |0 h6 e6 {+ l: y. S* ]2 Q8 r
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"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 R: I5 c+ E0 n12.0pt">, 2 a1 K7 H. L6 g/ C0 c/ c
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 1 V* Q# E: g0 b6 K: efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 q. x) w2 q7 P& z7 K) ?2 p4 t"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 3 Q: \$ l# F( M6 b3 D; Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ; W; q$ E2 d+ i2 h) [# T8 i: f$ |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 6 |9 k, u; _) h1 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% |8 F* L$ e% @. r
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题6 a2 M: f, f4 Z
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ; k& J5 m+ L" hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 B' b' b. J; e! B. N- f"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求+ |8 P7 ~! ]. _# ?7 {5 {6 J" @, ?12.0pt">: , D' e6 q! m; a/ y# T1 D, q8 W"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 5 a+ w. |9 k1 \" ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ Q$ ]4 q+ [! H! a& M( c3 N
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, * |+ x7 @( S4 |) V, lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 5 ^3 R4 X( Z6 L; C& [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. n; ]3 H# a+ K" Y) C
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统( r0 h& C7 r5 _1 D+ p; g6 |6 a9 U12.0pt">:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> ) A2 c) x: ?, w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 1 [' X3 ^9 l4 ^. f
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) l6 I( e. B, d3 }! w9 U5 f6 o" {% c2 ~; ]2 m0 f8 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,, ]1 e! \! _% A1 G7 T
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/ m0 o5 ?. p, w"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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7 y( Q0 w( R% }8 |: X" h"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 1 h* H$ o5 p- P& h2 ?5 D4 b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 7 X% [6 ]; U: P. U+ A# M
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* }2 m( M* p. e' A0 Z"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,/ v. {( _ S1 { E
! L& K8 |; g3 x6 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 5 G% M2 v% o$ f+ F2 b$ }& l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 a% `6 p% B2 x# A; U; q0 u"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 4 t' T6 K6 r/ W% z1 P1 h" `
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 7 ~" j5 m+ h6 m6 W) k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 3 z5 N9 F8 \/ {. \! x8 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- x S2 j6 W6 C- ` M
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, * C Z/ Y, M8 t; B2 ?7 S7 [1 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, & L, v$ Q4 o1 D6 ^7 ^1 S( M/ Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ h6 N) |% O; Q* f1 v/ o# s
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, , c! u( S. u6 i! f: G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 1 i4 Q. H4 Y% X6 n3 P
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"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定. U6 R+ S+ H M0 d4 {* b8 P
12.0pt">, 6 V" F! ^+ |9 E2 p* I# R# K7 Q% H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 2 Y, ?0 k% l4 ?7 m/ c
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2 H% I6 E/ W. K5 a" o' n"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ) R1 M. Q6 ?" {9 V
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ! p$ a! b# D( Y$ A1 Z
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"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: # H3 i* j, @; x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ * z( n2 P5 U4 ^+ t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, % v5 D3 A: s5 Z
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8 p7 g! I' h$ u"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |