漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

: t4 a: @& }1 U6 e v2 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) @6 k9 O' ?/ V8 Y$ C8 f& X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 5 x* Y) `' m! {5 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, + X" \9 J% N) K2 o' p9 @4 \# ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 H8 k" z' w7 H' s8 z) f% N. u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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5 Q/ G, R9 c( H' c) S$ u9 N& Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 4 J" p( e. Q1 y! E+ {3 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ; }& ]2 o/ G* O: `& U" kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ) m6 H: a# { v0 y( b, K7 z9 d' L7 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, : e# b# z( z7 ~1 o) `- E1 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, . n" O- w% d* `! Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; l* b( f" u! h"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ' f8 l y u p5 o9 L; w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 t% ^( q2 }/ j3 \8 c/ N5 _* Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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& ~' f* p. y3 V& N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, , B# d$ m4 ?. \ m9 @) C+ w; H4 Y; g9 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

1 ~8 A4 y" z- p, R5 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, " ^$ N) X4 W% k% H! U7 Z, x5 u% K) I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ x/ X5 t% r/ R& q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ! i2 v X& G6 K6 ]$ n" {: Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 8 ~4 s0 A: S/ z( Q& a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” & L) Y, K; |! `. c: `5 H1 _5 U! F# Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, $ S; I9 N" T" z% Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, % H& h& v8 I4 g- `) n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ( H; B C; u- Q+ U0 `4 V t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, # e0 `4 Q% @- M, S8 B3 p; R: _& M* f' ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ O/ V6 U' ~8 _7 u6 t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 v" A5 b* A4 L4 h& X2 T2 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, # V; u) J% D' [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 5 C1 K" i0 `: u2 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ l4 d1 Y* v. H/ Y) Q" y* \# X"Times New Roman"">“ ( j4 ?& f: e6 W/ v7 M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % u% h" k- ^, R8 w& c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ! ?( g# R" {( [+ i% }) n0 l: \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 2 |. d3 r3 Z6 U/ {4 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: % u! a% \) }+ l% M1 a( K) o% q- k$ u2 u4 _9 e4 j" C! zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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; H% D4 z* u1 Q& U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 3 h2 |- r: `4 a( _5 V2 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, . @6 y/ B3 P4 x! qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 7 O1 j0 |9 n+ xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 8 x+ b) r* S% efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " N7 y+ F' N9 m"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ; q! J) A% l# r2 } h& y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 9 m0 o1 z6 ^" T; N `& c# p$ ~2 E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里; q3 B: m6 q& X8 }5 i5 y9 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 / Y: l' A$ F1 l! z6 Q$ ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(0 T# q ~6 k1 D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), $ t9 ^: U {) o9 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用' A$ ~, X* c4 r" K12.0pt">, 4 C! U, o6 x9 F Y2 q( ^) | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ! C+ p4 G' n7 r) E) Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ v; n9 y+ l1 o# [4 K) B6 U2 ^"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 1 @. r9 w$ a! c x% k# Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!# C& G" H1 b7 ~, u8 k0 D$ }. K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ) o6 f5 ~1 f; V6 ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 f1 c, }7 Y8 i+ Q0 L- {* d# I"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 8 S5 e+ p Y. V: \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ! s7 J |, V- i/ w1 c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 1 \* l, n2 B4 n3 u' A3 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % Z* J- f5 _- z r8 G7 X! z"Times New Roman"">“ " A! D' ?; ?. C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”* s; @7 Z6 X% f: c" ~ T4 Z12.0pt"> B, v, o' W7 h+ x& ]4 r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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$ k. t3 Q- g, Q# P; S. @: D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, + m! b3 l0 l5 \0 U) E1 K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ' h- g3 T2 u! o/ y: D- a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, " S) q. b: w8 N$ ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ( M( t. n" V% @, `1 X6 O9 J" D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, , i9 f% F! O$ a4 P( }8 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - P/ H4 J$ U+ g! x"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 2 {* N. I) i2 C, b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 8 g# d9 U) \* [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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- `$ e5 e5 r A& h0 d6 J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 2 w, w+ k ^! e) o2 v* [: ?! N5 ]- U7 V9 M$ n+ G6 a. V8 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : \7 g! a. k6 d0 } {( d, w5 |"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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$ s: G- w- x& h" V- Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, - H/ E* i5 j6 ~- k; V0 S! v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, - F2 \% |, [" j( _* a0 t' I Y, V) k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! d' p, ^8 j1 k M6 d" \& z"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ! s2 k5 g% ~6 Z. t1 Z1 a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ' m* B8 Z% p% b5 ^* A5 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,1 ~% j1 o8 A8 w. ]* e8 M7 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, r! j3 }( p5 |7 c' C8 d8 S. u( nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : b4 s7 n5 b; w: x. @"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题' y# {" R/ \ m# C) Q' u12.0pt">: 7 g2 R- v: ~3 g( p6 e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ' Q( v0 c! Y& |, i$ Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才+ ~3 K, \4 P$ ^2 f 12.0pt">, - b3 n' u d. L. F* z "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, % B$ F2 V# n5 v! D- B2 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 J I# H* U- |"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; * }1 A! `. C& Z8 Q' Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 H+ v/ X' i7 t: r4 d5 \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ' O+ |, d& N# a' B V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & S5 g# n) W7 Y( B1 W p$ l, T"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题0 c" R2 s# ]7 s" t6 r2 N 12.0pt">; ( ~% Y- f7 R/ w; N- | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, + R. Q! \- F! L8 @/ Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) s, w3 m$ A' G' I3 w"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求5 ] g: ]; a+ R8 D! a+ U12.0pt">: ( Q* y4 @6 X8 @& ~* ]. s"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; y# D* e* h- t& c: h/ s5 _ Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 7 X3 F0 d s; v+ Q& o+ K: P, Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 6 ^4 S5 _* i T( ~2 A: @3 y% Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! L o; f6 E( ?4 _) H% [; Y"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. h* v# X- Y/ t' O4 R0 T* ~12.0pt">:

 

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- Q0 W1 V: Y: I( R! `! Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 5 Y }8 l) T G8 l' ]6 u3 x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 4 H- ^. B ] Y; W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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( m1 U8 x3 s3 H- m0 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ' P. e3 V) F, y! ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

 

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9 |' Q' q" j* u- ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & ]) u( Z8 R; a6 v- P' J: Z I# e. Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, # e3 H' a3 X' i$ o! n" \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, : G( C! m+ @% V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, " _3 h0 g! S- [* v3 R9 z% Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, # ~1 ]3 z3 g, ^4 U6 j3 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - q2 c6 a9 C, ?3 C! D1 d1 H7 S0 p"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, & q$ u. y# E, ^8 E" M: X# Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, C, D3 Q. d% T7 m# K' Y2 c! b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: + n! n# } r. p3 t3 z8 Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + N+ S/ ?* d4 W"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ! _ P1 D$ f; Z; D9 o% N$ f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, : Q6 e- M' D" d4 J6 K2 J# a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ a L5 p7 C: r"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - _3 m# ]3 F. B( D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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4 y5 U2 y. w' C: E" i( ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,; G5 ]3 \5 r& I5 H6 a3 c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ?0 v/ F0 m' w8 r"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定 g) s# w7 q6 D# d" H7 A& W 12.0pt">, $ o# v* F- l$ Z* ^"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, * f2 D! J9 O8 ?( ~8 K: Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:) f; M/ I4 A: F( } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, & r0 U- T: E; o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, & a x' _: Q6 ?" N9 f, [ ~* |9 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # B' ~/ A" H" V$ n; m"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' B+ `# J4 n% r8 n( [1 V8 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, % z- _- }; x5 _: d* Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % s4 V3 O6 R$ R, F9 ~6 e& K1 o"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ( \2 ~# q; u( h7 T* x5 R; w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) ?3 y m) R* t( J$ n# }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! B& q, F' j$ r& y# y# L$ c. ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊