漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

/ p4 D6 `! y; O- u4 O, u: Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ! M% ~1 i3 ?+ Q9 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 2 W% Q: ^" W3 u" }$ K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % T" H; J0 p# K4 x* J, V"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 a% d" j* T7 e4 Q0 E4 ?- Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,6 c; }8 Z/ G% ~/ lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / ?( V+ P8 }2 L" r: Z4 c+ I' a" B"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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1 O6 r4 I. k- H" l" T8 j: O2 |# C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 6 r! K7 s" {- N. X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ) p4 O( H/ E/ ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, $ G. n1 z$ x9 y' l. k0 L+ C0 s: O+ I# h! V1 [8 V: t% Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, * O4 J# t. F: t0 q" }! i) O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ( c9 d$ b5 H' ^7 L. r$ T: k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 g2 ]+ Z4 z$ K; p"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 8 f) I8 A6 \9 |# P: I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 4 H- f' D: R9 A$ D* z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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. n' _: u0 T `% \7 h6 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ! w' U+ m% u9 q0 h% U" u' ?# p* z8 m1 d6 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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( M3 y5 Z6 K3 s) Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 3 d0 r. z/ P4 Y d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ , l- f( t! f: H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 9 ?& U# d; r, `' T( b8 ]: X; l @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ . L; ]5 ~# `' B3 R3 z$ q4 Z4 ~9 a" z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” J. x* H7 z; H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; P& M4 v$ o* G; sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, / Y2 x6 S# X. c1 t7 W9 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, . @/ s4 \* x ~1 i- Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % Q, W7 r7 c+ e+ d* X/ z"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, & k2 k* u( u8 Z: X: w( ?) s/ O9 V: y/ `4 H! U1 u, fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 8 x# a- ]; W) s9 n% { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 2 B" Q: K3 w* k5 T3 _ e3 e3 g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, * e& m% k/ i' I9 R* |$ |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; m4 W! ^: J) s0 Y! _ Q& K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ; |: c! H: r# w2 T0 Z& Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? * z) r$ T1 o& Z* R q! K2 m( g! ]- I& S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 9 H5 ^1 H* G: U/ O: V* e1 ^: ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, , G- l P5 f" z9 ~& v: Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 D) D6 {" F# a" Z"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 3 c% {1 c* U9 W8 Y5 V) k, j5 ~' |' z- s i! {5 e' b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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. ]7 b+ G- O! n2 W$ }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 9 N' L/ D4 g/ t4 N6 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 4 z( h2 J# Q1 `( I0 J3 J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 O4 v4 L- A1 t* _/ c; D4 |( B3 a"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, % l0 G8 r& X s- H9 D! _! c9 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ; E: ?2 J, A5 I; ~3 i; c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, N. x" d: g; A# ~$ y* l% \7 F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 6 ^' J+ `6 `. H' W6 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 S6 s3 L9 H5 s3 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ( R/ ], O' l. [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(7 x( P: t7 t+ h# E' A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 8 p8 M" ^3 N* w. k" y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 o3 N, m$ ?$ s9 b' K"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用% T9 A- f6 B% J( Y. `12.0pt">, 1 X; q* T q; R6 t "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, " z( q4 X1 X; ^0 b& Y2 Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 1 J3 W$ F8 V3 z! B+ _9 Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!" v7 @. Z& r3 v- @& P M% j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, $ ?5 c5 H* M7 d- N6 D* s/ d# @; ] D" } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ w7 @+ H* r) [. Y' v: U2 w"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 1 H, R/ V, z7 k( F5 i l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, * ~1 B5 h# u& L4 c' ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, % Q3 {7 R4 ?* C7 [7 i q. i: Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - A1 K2 a7 b5 l- | g"Times New Roman"">“ : t1 g" Z: N3 @' p% I+ i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”( Z& |% ~/ A. c) a+ ~6 }( H, @; { 12.0pt"> " ~0 Y4 {: m2 M "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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( O/ q7 M; E' O# Y: \- N: t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ' N9 J$ k( E' N& q' x( G6 q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 9 N$ L' ]4 [5 r: U# [* T7 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / E5 O6 y1 T; F"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, - ]& ^+ {. ?8 u2 G7 E: U) z* mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 9 x/ Q% C5 K1 G3 Q8 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 S. y5 p% L5 Y. h i" v1 ]8 s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 3 M& d6 T- k& w3 v, rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” $ P& e; J1 v W7 U* I+ e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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+ K: ~+ k8 y! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, , N. J. ~6 _1 `& y: h2 Q- a6 { qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 S2 r3 @& p$ v/ O2 e2 ]"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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8 S% o/ O. M3 U R$ P mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, % w/ s, ^# H& I0 u; O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 9 V: ?1 q/ w: t! f9 f5 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # G# ?: J7 m5 J6 @8 F/ c$ z6 X, g"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, " b g* ]" c' H6 s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 B7 j \7 |# e4 f. Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . [" B' z7 c) b5 O$ Z"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,- I2 d: i, R) S' l! i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ( M+ v, _ d* V/ a: Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ~$ r7 X( x- O9 B"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题( L+ e+ K7 h0 h6 [+ U- Q 12.0pt">: / d) }( k0 O( \& O( R+ ?3 m"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: A$ X& h) X, F: p4 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才. t0 P! R# j% I- B: x, s12.0pt">, 6 I1 z4 ~; i) s( v p4 N* e0 c2 E, G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, & ?& x3 c4 b( y! v3 K _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + f5 z- u" r y! T$ d6 n2 J8 k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ' V4 H' `$ C, y; ?6 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ( j1 Y: _8 e, O$ B* Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题0 z5 D! w7 s4 w' ]7 Y, g0 d 12.0pt">; $ I- C( l J8 K* ?"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 5 k: b; E! Z, U3 h: s/ D( C$ n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求! o) N9 n7 ~/ r 12.0pt">: . F$ Z8 w" v6 h"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; - x3 r1 `3 ?" n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 y A1 L" P) z' h, c"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, * H) s) C3 m0 x9 _9 ?0 e" \6 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 7 l( I o; H4 r. b: n! W& M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统8 i- A, |/ `; I/ V7 e5 c 12.0pt">:

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. Z; V) d8 n+ |, [6 r9 p8 V; Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 3 T" v: I- r! J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” * C8 W3 f; |+ r% n0 V$ m3 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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1 i7 \ A1 P' c# O0 o* f4 C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 0 X; t/ C1 T. R: l0 i* K8 U0 ~" Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' @1 V1 l: T. u) l/ X"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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7 K. f& P4 x1 b( n2 w/ ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, A, D4 j' W! U# C1 K/ @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 u# X9 d, |* _3 k* N' U1 a"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, / C5 W3 K2 n3 D- S4 P& h0 v3 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, # O6 T% I$ k" u- S2 r, b7 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, % j; R# ~0 y8 v' x, N( V! h* a, X L0 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ) d; v! \1 H( M9 e* Y5 j" N! e. D9 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # n; H* R% z# z, ]1 g"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, / |1 r/ \, H! T6 E9 p% \3 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ! O9 ?$ G+ y o5 v V* }! B9 w) ^' A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * {" y8 q( M9 l3 {+ @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 ]0 e2 A) u) n- o t& q"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, O5 }- u( a& F; K3 q: U. }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, + F2 Q+ n: z/ y( e7 T% E8 T* o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 i4 l! j* O& T, X, O8 b D/ l"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, , x+ P# P$ M" q4 l5 ]3 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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' y' d! |$ l# ]# g7 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上," ]( J7 o. h: P" r) y; E: |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . s# K( Y4 u8 v6 Z: W% y5 a"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定! X1 ^* B5 @7 G0 h ?: g. o 12.0pt">, " g; T) [3 v4 @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, & J' D o' O2 Q! J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - u- i& h" x) `% y+ [9 ~"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: ?, M* a# e( R3 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, " J+ Z P6 l1 e* h0 }7 A' ]$ u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, % {, J% |# @; e! i6 k, i9 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 B M1 M: ?: }* n# \8 Q"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 8 a4 V% m* R d! ~: s0 l+ }9 T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, m" W- w0 p3 Z5 {: ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 4 e! W7 R6 B! p4 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ + ^6 b8 ~+ |/ r0 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 b$ [8 l3 R& k# ]1 U9 p) afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( }1 ~$ C6 o- i1 O* ]! b" @"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊