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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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9 O+ g7 Q' T% d( H& z6 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, : d3 t: p/ D* p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ; j1 ]# F$ L' f9 o; L: K8 S3 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' g8 _" r7 ~0 t"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 6 F; q. G$ s+ \7 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,/ v8 [) {& z! Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 Z( U1 n$ x5 E: v' N"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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V1 X4 d1 L- g8 {& V& wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ' j3 V% n9 B7 v& }/ U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 2 G0 M. U7 v p2 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 y; Y I# X# [5 L$ Q+ S, s "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,6 b1 v# U- n+ M" B # \/ M! j7 C r( i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 5 U- L, v6 c" x9 Q/ u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, * P j q2 p M4 [! _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' ^( R* d& `+ S, @ "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 5 a. H( F9 o5 E3 z, K0 e1 Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 7 v- m s- k; n+ k4 D; b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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' I! P4 s- n9 }3 G6 q2 r$ P) N! {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ; ?' W6 ] F. @/ [; v$ |: A) O& Q) w- c, Y+ e Q! R0 y! a9 @9 ]" D- ^, |4 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; b& [) d( V1 t$ j% V: T, w"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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3 f, i; E2 {- Y$ y- J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, " a1 h( K: V1 n" B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ * o8 s Q4 Z( H* G g$ _9 c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 7 D# o5 g/ F+ u+ Z6 d* d+ s( \% T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ # n5 r( |" _0 @- R8 P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ; K8 P; R% r, R3 Q0 y* ?2 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 8 f9 C. v4 H }, c3 E/ t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - [% @$ R* P/ g h1 K"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 6 ^$ P0 g0 A+ R" @8 i6 k. I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, * B) F: [) u/ W, N/ P, Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 p1 m" L! q: S4 C g "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,+ d8 a* ^. d5 ]1 ^5 l: w- A9 f& v( @ + W0 B2 ?% ~: S M% | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ! b7 ^3 X& ~, Y' ?1 ~% v. z: y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, , l: `; B T& m! y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: S& b4 J) v/ S% a0 [& q"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ! [6 x# e# {5 R5 |5 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; c2 r) R, z* \3 A @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 O9 v6 p( P9 r# Z& f6 K "Times New Roman"">“ ; N2 o% [# M z8 rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 9 N {% X) q0 S% c/ y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ( k% D+ q$ }0 k3 A f7 ~/ _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, , n, C& e' D7 Y$ a- m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / {0 D' Z7 u) F; R"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: + R9 R( G! E" |# ]5 Y% X5 h, V( C8 p6 @) t9 O$ B1 _" V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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3 }+ h+ ]# C6 t/ i& K0 p: X: U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 * P8 L9 d6 Z- D, ], @* b4 e4 g4 i8 u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, - V, B; B3 n# |, h' W# W8 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) n3 s6 E1 Z' [! S3 T; {# o "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, A ?$ O6 X5 F( n" `& N& y% ?' x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, $ t5 }: u9 y* e% Z/ S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 Q; v6 n* A4 p( c/ p "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, : V1 y9 C; E3 [2 U/ y! o% R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 6 }6 H$ |% B% K0 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 P/ w! W2 u+ Z0 B5 `4 Z* | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 " f! ~" }8 ^4 i1 V8 O+ y* @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元( ~8 B/ r% k* b( J; y9 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), , f. v9 L1 R- S& o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 B; I1 N; y% o3 ]"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用/ g& X7 T b. D P. V: A 12.0pt">, 3 @' i2 S% l D5 g5 H4 y "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 3 N3 ^' B+ ^3 U1 h" Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 O4 v. U( q7 Z"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 6 u1 U1 `, _$ I* i3 ]! L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!! L' c6 a3 S% a/ S3 G, h7 y) H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, / o- c9 f8 B% x' ~: a6 [$ N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 c/ g1 [7 D4 L0 A3 _; t "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 1 S) c1 d8 v7 l: \9 `. \: nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 R S1 g! L0 t y3 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, - }% R/ @: S% g0 T" b2 F/ a+ L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 D/ l( ]% H) F- F7 E "Times New Roman"">“ ) I- T, w' O' ]/ I1 e) t# B0 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”' H1 s2 l! ~) f/ w ~0 U/ g12.0pt"> ( `% e4 N1 h; ~: P. l U! l "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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+ u: u, G9 ?0 F1 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, - X4 s0 L. @. D5 c& d6 x2 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, * [1 B; T$ G4 ?& zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# j) |2 [/ g3 z1 v "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 2 ^. ~. d) Z" J1 C9 a! P1 ]' ] f' R9 Z# imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, % K" Z' a4 i: ^" ~5 k5 f; { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, : `4 r* P$ v1 ^2 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! j" `$ C- _ e6 |2 t0 E' @5 I"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ , D5 c. V# {( [# r4 l: T" e% |' Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” . _, k( W& [3 z( [9 b* ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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! s2 z# P; N+ p5 U/ D4 R0 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, & | D1 j, L- H4 z3 V0 S( a6 v) s6 b$ I4 {. K6 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ ~: \ |. X E) j$ l/ ` a "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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: p g& Z! j. t3 t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : P% `& \2 x# G! C/ E$ A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, * H& u* c/ K$ f( J* U* _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ R( E* Y6 {9 r, l "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,) y0 ?: m" Y0 L" e7 |) |" o 7 h/ O3 @* S+ A0 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 1 A2 ~: l2 t/ ^5 X5 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ p4 f5 l E4 N- x. i6 f "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,3 ]( ~( |& E; P9 N9 E# I5 X4 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, : w) u) K4 Y7 q, {1 I5 U. T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 N6 [+ N/ e4 a; _* p; t "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题) E' q2 m; _; \6 {/ _12.0pt">: 6 t- [1 b9 K% ?0 l) @, j, L "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 1 I4 z* ^% ]: z0 K. }2 v1 l6 S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ k1 l$ |5 M) J8 l0 p "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才5 C8 n# H# w3 k1 J 12.0pt">, % f, A+ j8 ^- @' Y7 _1 J8 _4 U"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ' y% w5 ^4 k; w% |* Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 ?% w/ E3 r/ Y% K* s" n "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 6 ~: [; c; H$ H* t) u: T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ; b4 y6 v6 O2 s( T6 ^5 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, + \! z* Z5 U6 C) E) c( |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 A8 \3 G4 @& [( r1 Y1 q0 v2 g3 d9 y H "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题, n7 n0 ^" ]# r9 w9 U 12.0pt">; + ]" z( {7 A4 {! W$ z" Q! ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, $ D" p& w6 @$ s% P5 p# C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 A6 T, x$ K7 Z' ?: J9 t4 M"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求& H1 I, ~0 m) ?# C7 S; U 12.0pt">: 5 `& S. F5 |) R: R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 0 A# l. S9 {& w9 T0 R' k/ S* k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ Z' ?% f" W+ L5 u "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ; M4 j1 r9 y2 {# m. [: B* L @' wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, " v- g/ I1 [5 X8 d8 x$ m7 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - @# s* c, O, d( S; T+ F"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统9 {* F B( |1 x A 12.0pt">:

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# g3 [) {: v! ?1 {& j4 I: ^8 D4 q! {: o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,2 V! N- ^4 [) `# K 8 c% \( C7 P8 H0 p- d' z3 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: }: D ~7 `" o+ n. K# y: A "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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0 V0 e/ D; s6 Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 2 ^! u# a2 f" n1 q9 a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ O$ R9 C2 t$ {7 a- |0 y "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, $ O9 y# b+ B" V2 \" \# F$ ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 2 ~% V8 o+ @# j5 X/ i! Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 g8 r, I1 U) T6 j6 E# { "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,9 Q. }1 [% t4 `' P/ D: q / Z" i, k- [9 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ' ]' ~0 E, {% c9 k5 i/ Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 l1 k, Q6 g, S8 |; X- [$ { "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ! X6 [# X( r* v% y" P- O' vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 0 Z+ M8 @4 |2 P& Z, g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 6 ]+ G# d8 F* V9 C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# N( x8 k0 C( J) r# I; U C g v "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, / q+ a4 c3 ^" S( jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, * B# l' j1 K0 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - k9 ~4 K+ l( \4 y2 O"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ! ~5 H7 t D; E; s1 w" x8 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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' T7 e) `1 {) {" A$ U8 _4 G- i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,7 z% c1 `1 s: P! x5 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . I5 G, Y m7 c/ w4 b) G"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定1 z( X& r0 w( L4 i! L12.0pt">, . x; R$ M* H" o. r! o/ v* g& ^ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 5 [& c1 W5 d. J+ ~7 V7 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # F; s* z4 v$ t. q$ ^4 T2 d( x) Z' {"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:. R" T. n0 k' R2 b. v8 N' f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; i* C9 E$ G+ t$ P5 ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, , {/ p$ s" I2 Z6 L$ t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 V4 q1 J; Y& S+ B! c"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' W. j% I4 p+ @. O* u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, # A: r* J3 [; ]* z" `) d$ F' }9 a' I: t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. r; K- [3 s2 V# B' | U; D "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: * n, q* z: u: @3 r3 w8 I- O8 I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ * O5 t- g7 x! ^+ z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! B$ t$ W% ` T' \3 ~# L! Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ U4 K r2 }2 [9 `6 R* Y* T U3 w "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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