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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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+ w9 G3 T/ D' \( U. J; z& vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 0 g+ e2 r& R4 {! H7 ]% @: X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, * h: S- C) T) Q3 i' }2 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 q. V: P" k( P1 N2 j, Y "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 7 `" d0 z8 G2 l) t, K+ i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,/ q, @& T, e" m' d' e& e' B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - X; C8 r% ^4 d"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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4 z) G& r! S" z% ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, - Y' q4 G7 h( t$ M8 J* Q0 ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 3 f% o) G% ]6 z7 ~5 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) c' \( ~ v; h, J' ~ "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,- f' \. ]$ _+ ] / [" D+ s& ]0 U# e8 w6 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 8 p: D. M6 q: T, X, S% |5 |( a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ j+ U; Z3 K+ W" c: o! @# nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # a9 ~# g/ b$ D"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, $ r% C; y% W* n0 n6 z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 9 n0 s0 [- L6 S9 p, f9 j3 i+ p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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- {0 o! c& o+ ~, p$ B! u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 5 y" M/ F$ M2 n# u. c3 h P0 x9 m1 Y% f; R" m i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% @- c$ r" A6 w' v/ z: Q1 O& E- D "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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, d8 {& r7 p. F5 e; ?+ n; _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, j/ m$ V- l6 |. t8 M# X1 V& B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ / u) ?8 j' Y' J+ p% Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ! ]) j( {8 \3 I% J- c9 `1 s; F. ]7 C! M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 2 a- X! S* r# M% k! W# |1 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 7 V3 Y# Q5 ^- c! Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; a3 q f5 S: \6 E( k b/ bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ S+ E6 g$ z7 h _9 Q"Times New Roman"">前者为因, + W: R* Y) X; w+ A+ n F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 3 H* U# [, c. B( N* a7 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ y! h; D$ c/ I4 {/ {/ j4 u, p "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,2 \( U9 b8 D! M: j( d8 Q8 K + C* N6 I/ s imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, _% S* j+ J* d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 9 r8 r8 W4 \. g. A9 k( r. Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' I4 F F" a7 A) f5 |3 t "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, y7 k, L( |( j! d& m/ b# d4 I" z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 6 a% Z% Z) f5 H; T. {% ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & l& i# `7 A" [% W"Times New Roman"">“ S5 G' a' y I2 v% J4 ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 8 R, J' c Q$ B3 ]& [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 6 B0 T4 @% p( a! }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 3 H/ c3 n7 j9 H) M0 T$ g/ p" M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 p' e9 h5 @4 }4 y2 i"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 4 a t2 @! ^$ _ \6 [% U4 m6 l2 h8 Z. `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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( f& j) g0 i- c6 j8 emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 # [, M& \/ g5 d; S/ i2 x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, + k* }# ^% o" C8 j# Q/ h8 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: H* {3 s' h$ F6 s" G+ J "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 2 S/ U5 q f1 y7 t: k+ Q0 T1 W$ z5 Y* N( _/ T+ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 2 ^8 @+ G8 f- H' dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, S- Y/ @% \& q0 Q) p; x2 c "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, # ~; A& `) _: r* O5 B6 n) u" h. A8 ^! M6 _8 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ) m2 j& p. q" t1 T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 h0 |! I2 R* N7 _$ Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 6 Z; R! a# m2 p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(; D: p+ Y7 l7 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' @6 s& M0 a6 M! X ?9 V; R. b. ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 h) }* W: m! ~' N' }"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用4 s1 q, k: Y' z12.0pt">, $ S7 Z# p$ l; @; N5 D "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ' m1 D1 P- Z3 m0 x- W9 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' X1 G! v: `$ ^/ w"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, % W: }5 f' n. K( r0 z* A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!5 w& D. u: Z5 b+ V4 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 Y( U- N" x) o$ Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* j) R0 F: @& ]5 }6 |8 ^0 a" ~; q1 ]# h3 { "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: - L' b) `( W: L* f+ b4 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 5 F/ g+ P. x- Q6 q( o+ V( S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ; q: c. Z. ~# d0 }& R0 m0 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , ~) x) G; {' w"Times New Roman"">“ 4 E; H( _8 J& A/ c; [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”9 ]- J0 [8 C) }& N g) p7 A: Q9 Z 12.0pt"> + f+ y8 I9 V9 [ L "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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9 t4 J4 W# K, g( S0 W3 Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 9 p( L0 u$ H W$ q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 4 \: O6 r4 k. c8 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 |6 k' d$ D/ t+ m& H' `0 r( `( I0 }) V. s"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 5 y* {- ~$ h7 B. Q& E+ {' U+ m$ Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ! {! l8 N6 e8 g$ y2 E, B; [% F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 3 J+ R( {! y& ?1 s/ Y0 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 d& i: L& A& c& B"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ * B8 E& r9 ^8 Q$ p/ y& i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” + `$ |: ]6 G$ f' C% F, r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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3 N/ Y' S4 h1 q9 e5 _ [+ H* `& v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 9 H. w$ S% t4 |( s+ s& P7 V+ P% n4 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 }9 t& S7 X" j"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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- w+ G: J6 g2 b* r7 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : f! R0 ^6 @ N# X' m4 t( H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 9 b$ ~9 T1 T$ }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- r2 c1 Z- \/ o% x. } "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ( A' ]) m' q" {: M7 [$ `1 `( i9 m5 I0 \9 I4 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, - S4 F' V0 y) m& \, N( _" V( X" ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 p1 ?$ d$ p- [ "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,( C& c4 g' I0 ]) a) C' m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, , k9 n+ w7 k, x' [: D2 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 o2 W' V1 ?, W* }# t "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题; S; x R0 [% k& n1 b( [+ w2 G12.0pt">: $ U5 W$ ]) N3 K+ Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ' V! L2 E6 `& |* Q9 R% efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. z1 ?+ v1 {& i9 L% ? "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才 l3 U# s0 z* C- ~12.0pt">, / B) i* p( i3 `% V3 e"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ! b# \6 o4 A- N, U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 S2 l+ e. I& g) `! z+ j" q "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 6 B- N7 s% o' |' ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 N+ p2 D4 k- K/ X' Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, # P8 M2 U" R% M% R. f H$ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 O. l: N- N2 r5 w. ["Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题! c: A4 \3 S: l12.0pt">; ' y3 Y7 E9 ?( S. l2 i0 @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 8 f4 b* _4 V9 |* A/ Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % |9 ^9 h+ ?. n5 Q0 I) u) N"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求8 q1 A& @& Z+ j' h$ T" N9 ?, @12.0pt">: X8 T. t+ j. v4 y, B* t( H "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ) b2 \) B0 R, n7 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 T9 `& q9 V) y "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 9 q( E9 v3 |# `$ wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ t, O& H, N3 m) g% k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ s: F( g2 q! G- z3 [8 | "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统" e* a+ F" f2 w2 ? 12.0pt">:

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4 @* Q9 ^! v) S+ T7 f5 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ % z S6 ?7 d8 n' m4 d6 C2 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ( U2 I0 s7 L1 E3 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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3 Y" O" A! w# t7 G/ {1 T/ }: q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, & m8 a8 @! ^. l+ `5 y2 [( a+ f* Y4 @3 ` Y6 d, S# M5 {2 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: v5 {9 _) Q8 F( i"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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9 r+ d0 v a- k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, % L2 p0 J5 k; J U. qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & ]7 ~4 N: t1 R& g/ N3 ]; ?"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ) |4 ~0 p K2 e$ d) A) L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, % i |- U$ i" y8 H; D) r( o; Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- W1 i/ b; F! D3 @ "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ! D6 `* t, p0 E: x2 ^, M5 w" K! ?$ Q8 l( c! Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 2 k* g; @7 O# g5 G: b Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - s( y$ e8 K0 T% L3 ?# E, T"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 5 ]3 m: }. R* r' q' V/ l" v( l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 9 e3 B2 f. m+ \* c5 {- o* c2 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: " t8 ?: H7 ^; t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! H2 ~$ o9 `& j! m* N"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ) r5 E g m. F d) G7 X$ |+ s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ( S$ m @, g5 U+ ~9 d2 l+ p/ P/ T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' U7 d" V- h: b* k "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 5 W- |1 M1 U0 n( a5 B; ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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# v# m3 r/ b% `+ m- U$ Q8 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,; ~7 ], W# u$ H+ X$ n0 g9 A* T3 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! d( w% S; o. h! w( @6 N5 I/ H# `"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定& [% E3 y- i3 I' t4 I12.0pt">, # r% z( V8 o3 C; U) h& z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ) a. y& x, Z9 y3 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( n* a& D/ g9 k"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:, p2 `- R% N- }6 D* i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, . X/ { c1 E5 G: ~8 H: P" }& b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 4 A* a0 e( Y& R1 `$ M/ N) { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) F" Q: V1 ]! G/ V! n "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ! y7 h7 v% w2 z5 F* \; c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, * E4 A7 \6 I) N% q' S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 H$ |- e2 ?7 N; a. ^, q "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 a" c0 d% ?3 n; V3 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ % _ Q- a: b' x! D- ?1 D& H7 Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 5 W" K8 C' ~+ n$ F* Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / I3 [/ U9 E, @+ C& H3 f% Y"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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