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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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. t w5 Z9 d+ i9 N/ @$ g) Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 2 L1 Z7 j- i G- \/ U% C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, * g) j( b! ]/ U9 s, X1 Z% _& T% E8 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: c9 f. @* l6 B" F; H* U* _8 X0 ` "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, $ p- | @# ]5 \8 @# `' Z- I, s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性, Z) B Q/ q& A1 R ~& l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # K2 m/ j, m5 T& x* Q( U, L"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. T7 f/ p4 N5 h4 c# Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ! d" ]6 k( q( J/ Q9 [6 R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, + @5 ]7 d: a a* J: }& N8 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( e" s, O9 e$ y4 y) o9 x "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, a6 ^, t! Y& ^) S% D% d, p, A* ~. T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ! @; C4 h7 C; o6 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 5 N! G1 @- l# h* r) }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- [& V- k/ c& g, ?* D "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, . W* O C2 [8 ]6 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, * m- O# A& T- A W1 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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- y; D" C" r* m' P" W" w8 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,0 S1 T3 J. v3 W; ?# h5 k # l' m& c/ a- kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" p+ G$ I3 I0 K. I6 a, m: l "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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; }7 _; L o! x1 N k; q _- Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ) I4 Q. g) F# R2 p5 R \6 S7 X0 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 6 b, I1 L6 @# A: K3 a* c. f! H2 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” + `$ B$ ]* k; n$ A7 W3 l* ?7 n0 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ) ]" t% Z, V. T1 o# X& J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” # ]* s+ Q/ i7 e. _1 g$ V# g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, / \6 T P. U* X* Q! w9 i5 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- D3 v4 I2 A: C$ M/ R% ]; y "Times New Roman"">前者为因, / O4 B, t' @* {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, + G, a) [) ]; Q" q) m8 o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 x7 |0 X- _% A"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,' z+ ]3 h9 B# g/ F% T6 {& ^/ u; K * f/ f0 X' A: u! x4 L4 n& { A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 6 L. t5 c0 X. A' N2 \0 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 e# Y# a/ ^. O% L2 i- D6 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' z4 J# C' W) F4 e/ ?1 t+ E; X" a"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 0 T# o, j5 h8 c; R' ^& Y. |9 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ' x. e9 ^3 P9 p# V9 o7 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& q; K& }' U" U2 ]8 n "Times New Roman"">“ 6 n. I: d! R/ b" [, Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ( c- R* r+ L( |* Q/ s6 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” % V+ e! D4 j8 o/ q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, * l9 j& b* d5 s: @( S0 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: A) p; o, F; P3 r, z; U4 F "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 1 r, E) K0 e8 [ ^ M! U8 {9 a I- C' h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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) e, h: h# u9 @9 ?' T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 9 d7 }; p" m' f+ M- u' _+ d/ G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 7 I) s e+ h# W, P% d1 O# R( [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! E5 Q q C S* D% p "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 9 m: t ~9 h4 g2 B1 L7 ]6 a4 ?' F/ V; _5 K: v3 z. q" y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 1 i; N' D, `& h* r" p) Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, m( x/ N( H% h- N: m/ ~ "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - p9 p, s$ w1 L7 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 7 y0 b% t$ h/ D, w5 o4 Y; W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里3 R8 ~& p1 x. T6 P: y2 [0 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 1 W8 v2 |3 t: p) N2 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(- A) S/ ?4 z6 H0 x& J& S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 2 G& x- t2 T4 N" N2 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) Q( h, U. l6 q) m1 S2 r"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用" D- Y+ B* |. I5 N" I5 P12.0pt">, Y1 e, L! p4 }7 r7 k# j6 v1 n& d"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 5 n! d& o0 E. v0 f; I8 C Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% \; X. L- i/ e "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, % z7 T) ~3 ?+ W- q: a" a% F/ D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!* Z% h5 F: R r% h) B: O, a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, : w( w# R$ i J9 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; |# g, N. B4 Z9 K$ B9 f5 K "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ! g; e, H, V* Z% m8 B# hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 1 p; C+ Z0 V8 \/ {: Q P1 G: e9 M, n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 1 o( B; m3 x$ `( l2 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 e% d' x. O+ ], T j/ ^ "Times New Roman"">“ ( G" T* b; A0 D1 h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”. }" }1 J; v O! s/ @( ^ 12.0pt"> 3 R/ U: X" {) P6 B' } u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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! @/ [, I( L6 [2 R+ g& i0 u. r& H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % O- I- ]6 {9 T# I$ A% g# V0 A! r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 3 p8 T Z, O, J5 K3 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 A9 }2 R: K- q" R b$ q"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ; {' w6 D- J1 _7 i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, " g( _: I$ C( H( U' H6 Z+ I' D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, , p" k: P1 t7 R5 Z7 o' E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* L- ]8 s4 t. c "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 5 W: i" h; s, i* b5 ~9 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” $ M3 F* D) s# H0 q7 d2 F2 M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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# l5 P2 K! q% g) o" z' W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ! u9 ]0 j% x2 d' n h, {; ^6 F/ r7 O/ f/ L1 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ q& k9 T8 E3 c& K& o3 j "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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* l$ r) D2 E; M- g$ W- ^) qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : ]4 D; e" Q4 e7 g' W+ I# d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, $ f2 z4 [0 L5 b9 G. L% y) p0 h3 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. j* x. c! V# y; q. y2 l3 e "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, # j; X( l! j L |4 F; y) E7 `' G; b6 P1 L# Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 3 J: i) z$ r/ q8 L) u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & z- T) j. l4 O) G"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,* Y% [& [0 a- s* B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 6 J M2 r) A2 `' K( m, kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 V! K" F2 ?. w3 F# k2 Q"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题" _" p. E7 ]4 b+ P% s* M7 ? 12.0pt">: 0 i6 f! N2 z. v' v. N, A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 5 q$ D( E9 {( j0 [+ v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 Z2 m+ |0 ^ ^0 ]4 o "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才3 R4 o/ T1 W1 v% u4 M12.0pt">, 9 G% m! Y4 X$ o' C' }3 n"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ( e# b7 T9 J2 Z. A5 Y' u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 h3 R, L6 D8 K/ _ "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ; e' v+ Q, q; [$ m* \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, % K! x [+ L* `2 U( C9 Y( n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; p& o+ L# B9 @( A! }" u* hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, s+ S1 f/ [( A/ ~7 |8 A9 q "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题7 h9 @5 X* T5 U2 n v4 [- i: R 12.0pt">; 1 l; k- ^) f; S& i O"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, + t, E2 v6 l I6 q. o4 E8 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 R- B' {9 o! d3 h k "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求( S7 b) p) I5 s1 m12.0pt">: " T4 _ w7 V" |"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ; V6 X# [, [8 s# s: Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( [7 v# f* f I"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, / b4 p' M. [$ b: q3 d3 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 4 D9 ^+ L$ ]2 F; U3 H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 d& W7 [, c6 [: ^$ Q5 F9 ] "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统6 K% P3 \1 u0 o9 a0 L 12.0pt">:

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! N7 P* r9 y- t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, " B: @9 u( b( p+ x9 U5 ~ z' ~5 K9 I' w7 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ S+ P2 E* q6 j9 L "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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/ [# ^1 K" A' k4 ]$ b! L! T! A( c3 Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 3 I! f5 M q& k9 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 j0 y; V+ I8 c8 s3 h" p"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, : l- q0 ~$ D7 k3 Y& n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 4 _! G5 b5 x: T6 z7 W7 P; s' F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 e4 |6 H( _& N$ X8 c6 Y- r+ U& F"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,& {; E. S# o" R8 F2 X 9 W5 D2 W( d* h% Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 0 D& D/ ?5 O. Z* t, _" Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) u4 e' I3 J$ Q x. T' W+ `"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 2 r6 K- [7 l" ^/ s% j/ o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, $ s& t4 I$ r. ?$ U& u! J8 `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: , U, N# O/ Q v# {, G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; i4 t+ D6 W- r2 }- X"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, : k6 c% M0 i, S; C% y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 5 u' Z: X; W( Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. e6 y; [! G% X2 |9 q% r, I/ G& F; _ "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ; j; f* E& L9 n7 W3 A4 N6 ?% n9 s5 D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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) a6 g8 u5 m. o* v- F. gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,+ r7 { ?- a# g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: x# g3 S' A) }' y. Q1 {- F "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定 f6 _ \; ^* o 12.0pt">, - ]/ g |* Y( y7 X4 H1 r# z! p "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 7 O7 f1 E0 o, a% L0 O: |* Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* `0 ]: K" @5 S$ @; n2 h. w% A "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:- D# M9 J- X, S. M9 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 2 E" O, D7 j& J7 @- S7 K) M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, & {: w; X5 J: N% Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( c- b) i$ ]0 ~/ |) c2 \& M; D "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, , _0 k7 O- o* O7 t0 J+ e+ K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 P; h. n, T' Q* |* A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 l" A* B5 e V7 p' N9 r "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ! `0 t" d) ^+ b( L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ f7 J: Y* x: g* \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 7 |( \& D% L6 T1 e% [# b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( ]7 Y& r9 a" Q& [ "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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