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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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3 Y2 }, b4 `* Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, & y5 n; y* [& u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ x% u: L+ B% s \5 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 e( y' [7 `6 G/ ~9 D7 R8 R/ n/ \"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, , z9 s3 T" S4 c! K! X# f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,$ C! o) U; y5 w: f L% Y2 U2 U- N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 l9 u. t' e! ?5 P/ i"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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( [8 @0 t6 V" c" I% v# J" kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, : d" [$ A2 A J, W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : f7 R" p2 F0 n: X+ hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 G9 L6 ]8 c1 k! ]7 Q2 f/ h. z"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, , f1 R; f, ^- l( B! p4 S0 U+ d# L; A$ e9 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, & `* y2 Y( J* c. _& g+ W/ Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ Z4 b6 u$ D" L+ A6 X; T dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - i/ ]2 ?5 B5 {& n"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 8 b% |) @; U+ e3 \! Q0 O/ wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' H. I2 ~ ~' |; y. V$ Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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0 j' h5 v4 v: O) u3 h" p3 e" x( [ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 7 p" o9 d6 T7 p; R: h, Y3 C4 L2 w! A1 g% T6 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 e, t* l3 V4 a+ k"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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8 F3 Q" z3 K8 ?- o0 F. B3 U$ Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, # E" p2 q7 I( B/ L- s- d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 0 ~8 O |% r+ o8 A( A0 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” $ H, A& [2 K' f2 W, P$ i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ / D/ P8 Y: x, v3 y C7 i9 H* Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” , ]; j) _0 L' r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, % f$ u' V% f0 R; h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) X) R/ l+ W- M. E. J1 O) }& Z& L: o "Times New Roman"">前者为因, $ z8 Z3 U" r/ ^: B! `0 ?1 s) X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 3 ]' s- h/ F5 U1 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' y+ i3 Y3 M4 x( j) i- w8 H "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, % c4 b1 r) C0 x* W7 {3 V1 |% v: ^' H1 K# l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 v' u' b* X/ @5 d1 W. A' y% b! j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 M( t j8 E% b* T( i& _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 {& j! `$ a' _7 s# R' T- d/ E- C"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 6 H& T/ v+ x7 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 0 ?; T3 r u6 R- I, b$ r# j# t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; j( \- ?8 F- u x0 E4 T+ ^& E "Times New Roman"">“ * W7 g7 o* _6 _3 B" b9 W! `* dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 9 `$ E; Q0 q! b$ h' S/ i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 1 `# e8 R8 e2 B1 v- O0 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, M; n* r2 v, j. a9 I2 S0 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 d/ ]$ Y! o0 F& N; \"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 3 v) E6 L/ o/ a) x7 U e( y0 l' }' A% e$ {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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; Y* p8 l- a" Q3 l c$ |) v4 T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ; w1 Z/ v* X9 | O* f: P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, - J0 K/ W9 t# t$ B* A% r3 E- E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( a5 l7 l% z. b: j. k) B# v"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, % B% ?7 r( M# L& }. c, t1 G% `. b% \- @+ W) ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, : f. |' d9 D- y, H0 R/ V* p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 A3 D1 f) f& {0 Z# i/ }' [ "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 4 k4 \0 Q E3 s4 J/ c b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 . j& \/ Z/ Q4 R7 y4 t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里7 q' `" q: `8 t; L; F! B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 : _. M) N0 j: n8 k) q: G$ [" wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(/ r; z0 M/ L! `8 r+ F% x2 y5 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 5 ~; ~0 Q2 L0 Z0 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 L+ \& k" X6 c# P! d3 |"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用3 d+ {( d. q( M" e$ _& Z+ ~ 12.0pt">, 1 w8 O; W5 n N4 {$ W- p( _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 0 `5 q! @/ d3 Q+ w" U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ q5 e1 o& C3 B% S6 H"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ! {( W5 P$ H3 Q. O% r K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!/ w+ W* M7 ]8 X6 l: Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 3 k1 [2 v q$ @- Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% q& z8 g: ?1 _( [- L "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: - ^# B0 x6 F$ k/ i3 Q" fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 8 f7 x6 ]3 Y+ Z n9 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, $ p: S' Y3 \+ f5 c7 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * z. d( K* b6 s+ v$ {+ h! B"Times New Roman"">“ , e7 V! j2 p. \. [) ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”" r) M# T8 u ?- R# \5 Z 12.0pt"> 6 h, ^( r: D+ z$ m"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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1 M$ w' w5 g" s1 H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, " u4 d5 C2 e: T" p" Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, & v# P, m" {5 ?* T e# f; Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! c; \% X5 [3 B3 H, @ "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, - P1 K2 q9 X" e! z3 `1 ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 2 \; q6 i3 Y/ S# d3 O& g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, & Z$ p% a- q+ C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' Y" V4 ~2 W! q: S1 n"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ $ ]- X! n- d0 m/ y! amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 2 X4 w) t, E6 b8 r* y- C4 \& g7 A/ L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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# k0 P$ l0 F3 b: p4 [4 |5 ?3 H% K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 9 K- _3 w1 z" Z5 J* @) p0 ?7 w+ ^0 y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 @5 |6 I9 ~9 _+ q. R"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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+ M9 Y" O* m- O2 O5 i- ]! Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 9 ~) y: n$ H& c- A$ A6 |9 a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, & f7 u( F% A: S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; Y5 r% A7 d3 W# T0 _ "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,, r2 ?. L" e; W2 I' U4 H! Q ! x! I5 G* X$ U3 H' ?! kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 2 S0 }5 c5 ^* Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , R! v8 d% I' |; o3 e- @ X% U"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,! h% q$ h; g; X" P: V2 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 8 P) k4 a- ?0 t2 y, s. a2 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 l' G9 `9 @' B. v' {2 }; o"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题; ]& ]6 l% ~$ g12.0pt">: 7 u# M3 P& F- H. G4 h. b9 l7 ~"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 8 r7 |% |) b' e; `9 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 o6 U' t2 D ~) o# @# k"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才# m# w+ c4 Q- I7 t% Y$ z+ f8 X12.0pt">, * {, G* ]( L# Y J"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 5 M$ G6 J6 v5 Q. m2 L: ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - p3 |2 s" ?2 n0 J2 [- q"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; & O* R/ Q( g% O: `' Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, , M+ O6 a5 Q9 `. O) K3 Y! w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, , p% u" q* Y' v8 Y; c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 d, m5 c3 c1 Z9 y! \6 T2 x "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题/ E% x; Y9 h# i/ D! y# w' {8 `12.0pt">; ! a; Y, `# @' [. [ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 7 S! c$ V5 G* a3 p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 O/ ^- ~* ~9 E% d# x4 Q" V0 n+ L "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求& @+ y% h5 j) L0 G$ W* Z12.0pt">: 5 x+ v* R) m5 ]; V "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; * B3 `5 ]! M3 B* Y- b8 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 _: n9 K8 r3 \1 N) C r "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ! S7 E- ?3 I2 X+ Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, - l3 Q( |# V' ]$ Q; f$ Q4 ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + _. o" j% j/ ]1 l0 E- s"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. P, s: i) N$ H# L* t 12.0pt">:

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# j% m( |1 g: l. Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 3 c& L' m6 K" m7 u% D1 Y, B e# r- y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” - d( d, N" k3 d3 v& V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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9 @( Y5 Z/ h( V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,* G0 Z, g- V: M8 N # j# X" x- J/ Q# o+ S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' L5 L) m8 @$ S# `3 V q; N S0 p4 g"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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1 k8 u8 }, \! W* J) t! m& W" n; Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 5 g8 M" u% V7 c; Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & c3 _- B, s9 H: k8 K"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 8 n8 s' b: c) ]: D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / Z X9 R* w0 p) k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( d7 N1 H+ ]0 {# q- v( _( U "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,2 {6 m7 E9 \* Y5 e; K7 _ X: ] 0 |8 D$ X+ o- Q* L7 w Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, / y, f% z/ d# e+ p; [3 x" Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ G' p3 d5 S6 X J; ]0 |2 M"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 0 }2 m# m$ E0 Z. l$ @- i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 X R* I* \9 i8 w ]; ]0 \; v, t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: J% c1 S2 C" A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 v" ]7 F* T5 I4 I0 t. o# _"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ! \/ u) I2 M( |! Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, S$ A8 T1 c8 N$ O& |( xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # k5 A, v: ?/ K% s$ D2 f" z! u"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 8 v! _6 r3 z8 Q4 x* P# ]( \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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% v8 h; n$ c* wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,- T+ Y; ~, d) w- y; f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: C3 n% V# d, @" z8 N+ X "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定8 u+ L1 J8 Q( D% M) u; w. A+ c; [ 12.0pt">, 9 K" S& T- W. U& g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 7 I, f! u7 t/ @+ f8 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + b. h( f: J! f4 Y. B G"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:. X5 I6 d H- ~2 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 4 ]0 |9 s! U: e9 ~4 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ; ]# ^8 I. f" e3 O7 b7 g! b. y- |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # r0 d; k$ ?( v: v7 z"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ' b0 a9 f9 j- p0 W8 p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 8 ?( ]& U4 u: I8 b$ B! x$ Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: p6 U( ~2 n* Z) e7 U9 U"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: * c: E2 a/ A# |# ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 6 C3 K* }; n" ?# [* ^8 G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, $ A& i+ _% W0 i' M! j$ x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' K& `1 ]; m: p0 ]( M' q+ N( o"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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