漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

+ I1 M! G. u% p5 z# U2 \+ w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ( P7 D3 Q* T! H$ ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 7 I$ W# k( d4 w: d; ~& C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : A# k3 f, M6 N1 ~$ Y* F"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 1 M1 P! `4 N# W+ X' M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,6 r$ i$ t2 l/ l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. s. u9 s# w2 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, * x5 ?7 w* s' z+ O# \4 ~ g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 4 @+ j: L$ X7 w. j6 @1 X0 {* ?( O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 y# _# N# E _$ r/ _"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 8 G; b2 c+ u/ A6 F% D+ t5 r8 I3 [* v0 B% S) k% W+ Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, H+ Z. D7 P( t ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 v- H) H$ v) {/ T6 s, _. i {7 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, # ~9 W' T# o# f. K4 |1 W& x5 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % n) \% f% \) L T3 H+ ]8 Z5 l8 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

6 V6 o: C" Y* p- i* e& Q; L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, & r8 X! S* w6 u4 l: |6 H$ N' p ?8 [( U' |/ [8 V7 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # @; w- e) ~ r5 f, `: ~"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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7 `; n! d! |: P7 e- Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, " I6 q+ K- p9 z( c$ j& \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ % e2 r4 g. q- b+ l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 5 I4 r4 l8 ~. O0 m7 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 4 M5 x2 k% i5 I; @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” - U. w+ a( l; S7 f5 X# Q. V' {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " ~1 u& E9 w _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + j1 i9 U" E9 A/ i! d- S6 S"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - `; M# {3 n( O! x) e pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, - _) A9 D3 X" F" H( {$ H. v- ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ( V" ^+ G1 q/ E8 p4 E0 {1 Q" o' T ^8 }# d: O, }8 j) g# ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, . F! {. H+ [+ k. K1 ^* Z! ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, / i" o6 q& ]4 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * ~3 b/ m' @( L"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, " m7 ~4 D/ U% e- X9 s# K) e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ) w$ J7 L& X7 c Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) ^! u" J! j9 L3 _: ^! y"Times New Roman"">“ g. K* x0 f5 K- P% E1 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ( J" |& R5 j- Q& L8 |6 N1 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ; Z. a9 K0 W4 s: m0 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 7 `% I) [7 n5 w, ~0 |1 a( p9 Z4 v% bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ j3 _/ w3 K' V/ Z& q: H"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: / w! }: w5 \; f2 p) H. l/ H: `8 i3 L( N. ~3 c b( r. U5 N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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" B! O! g' z* V0 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 9 |8 c: [4 `( F# R& A9 z$ X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ' ?! J4 Q6 s. z+ W! Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 J V5 K* s5 X- s9 y4 q, _. `8 r"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 5 r/ G! Z$ K( B' d1 U3 h# n0 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 2 h- W# R- b2 d( A6 E# o* G/ ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! u8 `# U! `7 l7 A2 Q"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 7 i0 L* @4 d& z: w4 O6 v/ b8 v$ U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 [; d9 {, c; e" y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里, ]4 ]8 @5 t0 k$ x& x2 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 * @7 u& }) {% d) w+ G' o: a) ]7 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元( H0 w3 w) ^$ }: V8 h+ ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 6 B( j/ ~$ I- w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用( n7 r5 R1 u7 [* t" }( X6 _ 12.0pt">, 2 L5 q9 `) r( k$ U9 m2 O"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, " z, u3 x8 T' ]9 U: ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, / z9 Q8 X4 l/ u7 S, ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为! Z- W1 d9 r6 k. [ f4 P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, . _8 s. w5 V( Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 1 X5 \) u3 B5 {/ c* Z! {2 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, + i6 ]9 W# m) i. [% d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, " `# k# d) Y9 T I, i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + A+ e2 P- N5 P3 y+ e"Times New Roman"">“ 5 [" X* I' M( m5 y+ O2 `5 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车” X9 j0 z& H: E( L9 x& S) e 12.0pt"> - W5 {6 x8 l4 U3 g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

. M, w5 F3 f3 s' x4 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, " T$ T3 @- B6 ^1 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 7 A+ I& L0 n0 A/ ^2 Y9 J& s2 i6 r- p: Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 0 X0 s1 e$ P( v6 P4 |3 R+ nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ' z7 b9 b/ ^, b; S8 y$ S, w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, I+ j% W2 B. S# e2 ^. Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 V( E% J# i e- c% n/ R- A"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ / b. U* A1 b6 j; s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” . F, K3 w e/ |8 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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% J9 {9 k) ^ h- u, v. y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 5 n3 o$ `& I- C$ z$ H2 B `4 R8 S2 G+ P! X/ m' dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

, H7 n! J' S. e& z. A- h4 b# [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : x6 ?5 B( x0 B4 M- j1 r/ Z& D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, $ b3 ?$ O# L* w! P E" |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ' f& L1 u! X$ O% g% V, L; a3 }& s4 R9 D- T$ r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, / p) A8 k) S) Y; {1 x3 g! D: p, H font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,% Q0 T& d3 ]- U8 V0 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 0 B- z4 @, i* G4 ~! \; Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 X( h- {; D4 X1 \% i0 L1 R' p' o" o"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题9 n- a: \' B; X: k 12.0pt">: . o6 h; i2 ~3 F8 V, r7 [$ g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: . U+ X& J4 p8 L7 o. t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才: c$ z& r0 u1 x5 `% f) s c# d. P 12.0pt">, - U' B% [# U, [5 Q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, + o" K1 ]4 J% R) D- ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; $ {" e# _& i% V+ {0 N& k$ Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 1 O- F, D) m9 V' z: o$ x8 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 1 N* t. O( o; i% k7 u9 x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + C+ t9 v' \. C) X7 @5 t9 ~"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题% S! D6 P9 i/ q+ Q2 T3 M1 t 12.0pt">; ) V7 I" r; E* ~$ K "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 5 k" l0 o5 S% K, N0 H# s+ d2 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; t# [3 `+ P8 s"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求( v/ M; |4 q! e$ z/ G0 c12.0pt">: 5 M2 i1 ~% v8 L3 v R, | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; * l/ @, ~1 F) ~: b8 p: Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( i, w; z- ^: ?3 |8 J"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 6 X# u3 n2 y6 p$ `( G$ s/ Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, $ J% B; ]9 L: K( G* Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 o. c' l( E+ D4 j4 @% U @* J! A"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, R' d. f: _! C5 v) i& Z$ l9 ~+ ^9 g12.0pt">:

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( h' v1 B4 I7 ?, s! I. w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ % N$ o$ Z- t0 N$ J, t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” % e% e! g8 F i$ q% @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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( n5 s, B& e9 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, + \) Z5 R J; l6 P! v# kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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: E* e& z- C+ _/ l; qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 4 m& D! [3 o4 d' ^/ Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 5 m6 j, r/ l* v0 | D( E5 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 9 Z/ D' ~# C+ S5 a+ i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! K6 b. j) O7 w5 H"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, : o, C \- T, T2 W6 ^& p' u! y4 P: o7 w" ~: [1 B8 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, # n+ s- a2 U3 R# K) efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 4 S9 ^. z1 Q* x. e0 _/ Q: H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 8 k4 K3 P, _3 t7 @ B3 _7 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 2 {7 k9 E5 p$ T, y7 {- O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, " ?6 P) V( L" k% c6 J: o) L6 s; i2 y* w/ Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 6 i6 n; a) N! a, jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 @0 j' I. c" L* \: Z+ a+ b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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+ [ M+ B5 [* M# m: dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,8 ` z e) u2 B: a' v! u* Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定8 L! |' ?% D; e+ S4 K6 v+ a8 f12.0pt">, , H5 E7 n6 J; B; C7 T8 S% j"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ) }8 |% b" b" j: O; S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:8 l1 o' R Z' K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 ^) m9 R: z! t4 q2 C# ~/ \+ K& y+ G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, # q; t" h" V3 O4 h' `9 T: m+ afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 0 f/ H& t( l) Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 5 e- |* f8 ?3 R( Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) ]& [2 Q. ^# \6 ~+ x. Y"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: % q5 a5 U7 h3 d! ]9 K$ I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ' K! l6 ^! r3 U: H& w3 q! o# |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, $ L( v5 l/ n" E6 K; U& q/ tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊