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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 1 C! G% j# r: c
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 8 G7 ]% x+ U+ g4 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* N6 S9 f h8 j6 O) X- I1 R$ S"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, * q& n/ i9 E, c4 O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,3 M$ \+ w9 z$ Z+ k8 V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 W0 M- `. \5 u2 X m# f"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
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j% H, H3 y+ v# `; ]8 w1 ?9 l( r/ X8 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, % x) P. y* ~! `4 ?9 [; {7 u+ W- a5 B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 9 v0 z7 t( d1 S% z/ ~2 _6 K* z3 t8 H& C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' J$ k2 H+ E, |2 x0 u, S7 z/ z"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
) l5 {2 M2 W" p4 \% D' _7 |! m$ w# Y; w: m- x3 \: s# o* \& imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, / H1 s7 R, k* ^0 ?7 q, z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 Y# u. p9 ~* E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" V G4 k7 ?/ N* I! @"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ; b: a- k! Q- e- [; ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' P/ J' w& a0 s/ r5 w/ p& {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 0 J. ]0 I: w) J6 l- L' G
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! n3 N& Q x X+ ], Z* ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,1 N" l8 U M: y. L
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构 ) U8 N) |& E3 k
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! A! C4 d5 v7 N, g' ^+ s7 Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' M( G9 X! t0 T: T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ! j$ ~4 z5 J$ h0 P1 D3 n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” : G5 C; w# [! W$ { A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ - T, y# a9 a' o+ \1 h
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” " e# N! c" ^3 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, : E; o5 [* s1 w) F+ @% A( P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 v2 P" @0 A. y% E"Times New Roman"">前者为因, , a5 w' j, d/ h* E n
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 0 Q+ t5 n0 v4 ^) s5 y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! j' w5 @; X6 u* f* |+ P"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, . I/ e( D- u" ?6 a3 Z( I% d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, . W" }: B& R, b9 R
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"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, % A$ c2 R" s7 K, E% w! C/ [$ B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: # C- L( l- A- J* d$ |5 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' P8 _3 V5 w3 \5 B4 H"Times New Roman"">“ : c9 K3 R" A) E' P! o
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ) ^4 a" i) P- @! Q+ V
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 3 ~& {/ J9 [0 S% f8 t% Q2 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & L) M7 ]7 w$ D' E& ^$ V4 kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( x6 [2 C, O0 a4 T
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:* S/ u0 U9 d, a1 b
* G6 ^: v3 E- F) ^9 ~% J+ xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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/ p) h( P3 p: n' I" Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 $ N; {) ]2 K) I4 b. c4 _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, $ g" Y# J0 b* R: N3 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" {: a X0 q, ^' f0 U
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
" c7 P6 a$ c+ W- B/ |+ k5 P. H2 ~% u& {/ Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, & s/ t, j2 Y5 x1 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 C2 H9 V% P* P4 |' A
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ( Y7 |) K. f7 e1 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 + W$ g2 e( R1 ^4 ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里3 T @+ N C R; ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 / f9 q. _3 A/ m1 `! o
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(' H7 ]* e: M' m5 }. F$ x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 7 J, A$ }0 t9 u3 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ |; R6 }4 L: i4 ~4 ?
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用" L$ x5 p# _' o8 E
12.0pt">, ! i# U! @- Z: D+ N% w, k# @; z% R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 7 e0 a5 r; q" D1 e0 [
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# q3 |/ Z4 T+ y# X
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 4 [9 E4 E6 ]+ p& c$ Q. F+ omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!# @- y2 K. Z) y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ; F J% S2 o7 Q" Y4 ?* a0 G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) r2 @: q3 ~9 S( q4 S"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 6 H; I+ Y! W. Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, # z( p( ]1 q+ Y4 u; N2 U3 j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 7 H5 r" ?3 z+ J- |3 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 D4 S# Z" _+ Q4 ~8 @
"Times New Roman"">“ # b& P3 J4 M. f& U1 Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”; K, {9 K( ^7 d( ^8 ?: d2 @
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 % m- r- r* W, E8 B# z4 E; k6 ?
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ( t" R0 j, z& t8 a$ r8 o* \' ~! D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ; W8 N$ U0 \+ Y8 r, |0 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 {3 @3 {5 i+ O) w1 |
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, # k$ M; A9 C( a; m3 I0 _
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ' y/ j# Q% {) c0 K: w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, % @1 Y' |2 s! D# i4 g8 Q* u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
/ I; Y% |( n4 F, U9 ~"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ " E6 [' u# E6 M# B0 Q6 a& ^
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 9 m. {4 r: g1 _6 s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,' S) Q+ A' c: @
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
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' e+ a* Y4 Q: t4 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 8 T% o2 [; A' K; D
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, y9 |) ^' `9 \1 N( ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& K9 V( A9 B) C8 x/ f+ E" W"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,) u4 n/ R L2 g1 G% @$ U4 Y: E- m% A: N
" L: D- g; y! ~! Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, % i6 e c# D. r- t' Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( g" F7 g4 @" }" I/ v"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,/ [. r" p& Q7 S* f/ P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, m- A' x7 h7 a8 z9 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! N( T% W; H6 X \9 E# G2 ~
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. c5 E* E1 I9 a) A
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ) y+ `# B6 `2 E8 Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( O4 G6 F: u& \! D. z"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 w% T \# J! v- D9 A
12.0pt">, , P7 R: ~3 ?% h! r- u"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, " [- A& z% M* |# H' R2 D0 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: S4 \1 O8 X) p"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ! F5 X; i% H7 T' Y( P# C
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ' C1 m" u! o4 `* M9 X, R# C5 I. g
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 4 s$ V* P" Y3 a& E) `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' G3 V2 r2 C) B c, P( G$ e"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题/ b) \" F! `* r2 Q6 O
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, - `' k3 G) U! R3 h( n# S( D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' p; ^5 e: E' Q: U! B" {3 f"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求5 g* |% B% w7 i: l2 ` a
12.0pt">: 3 D Q/ k2 g5 d# q* W2 A: G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; / N7 R% p( P3 K" V4 i0 |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 s9 h) c# L" }% [) |, ?"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 8 ^2 w- G5 t* h# \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, , K0 H4 E) R3 b4 N( I0 Z: a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
r m. r$ R9 u"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统; T' \0 C \' A/ L6 ]: V
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ . R/ ~$ j; _6 j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 6 v* G4 U" W; L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕 ( f+ }% Y g, q
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 2 W% Z# _! K6 x H7 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
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( M# `2 _' N7 |8 W, i( C5 H" H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,' w$ a' ?* T5 k$ o$ ^
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' [3 @; H, ?9 _) p( m"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 6 ^2 G$ U# P. o$ H
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 0 c) W: a! m; O# C
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3 W; b; u" H7 q; y- u"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 9 z o/ K9 R' K; b# B8 V9 [
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, % p4 c4 W! t5 J' d" i2 `& S, u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" q. s6 a: H( l' ^4 J% G, w: c1 ^, V" i"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,$ P8 |. H: l& [( I: ^
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, . A& A! b, v* b% h I9 L
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
' B; O! w7 a# ~& l2 d"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, / p( f" X6 f# N) v+ [7 e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ! E6 j }# s3 z/ t8 {: f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ( o+ L7 q8 F/ r6 y" i6 \
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! W N4 h0 p& E% p"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ' y/ s' e+ X# a# U% l; \2 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, % \2 q4 ^9 \) lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
, m2 T: A3 _1 [0 v9 ] M7 t"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ' y6 E) @/ a- k1 n) ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 0 Q4 `; v! X- f
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, q! g; M) W6 [8 `7 b& e [) ]7 d: qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ h" ^! Q8 E5 o" W/ k8 a
"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定+ A$ j+ E4 N5 s- G12.0pt">, 0 Q* m% y% C# K6 W/ i) Z6 k) V"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, % {9 g4 j& f; t, r8 J* }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* r7 Q8 k F9 L. X8 }3 w( E# o' H"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:; t( B7 u0 D" Y- qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, : E. ]; Z0 K5 c- b* S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, : f' r v% E3 ~- X- B& Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" [- q& s1 S ~0 K% l4 c. P
"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, % O4 Q0 t4 V% Z) w, ]; K3 X
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . c/ t' R i7 v F
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"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 8 U$ g6 s, P3 r" ~' U( _5 K9 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ e" B. `1 Q0 p9 H! }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 8 I" P9 N4 S& z1 V7 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 L$ \: g" e$ e4 j. S"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |