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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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8 j- c4 t& ]; {Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英：6 W7 e% L$ x+ H& O$ g0 n- N4 _
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j' a9 L* q1 R' b2 l, ZTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第% S( n/ b4 b2 d$ Y7 B3 ?4 omso-font-kerning:0pt">2# f; f# U' h! L4 d. Q9 T N$ f2 Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：. P; {7 K1 C( n* G" v% I5 cmso-font-kerning:0pt">"& ]7 m: @4 V/ u; z" b. G
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。6 j/ q7 v& l9 @' b
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。7 v- l6 H; n8 N M' {0 r# s9 w
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0 p/ Q" I9 D# \( _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经+ g" j7 c- `. {. T; q5 P3 K, }" A
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。# L% W9 D, N) M9 E6 Z; d6 bmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是. }) h, i7 T% q+ Z. ~5 w" g
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。. Z( \6 N5 V+ _. `& q. H10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">’”
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？: e; e7 ?% G0 i3 O- c0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，1 }) U/ O% y- s) Y B# B8 ^7 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">"$ y! Z: i8 }. v1 H# ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
8 H! T* m, m9 a- N7 Y+ _5 ^! f5 Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪 c5 t; }; [; q5 k+ p
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' l+ ~+ z; b0 d1 z7 x2 c/ ^2 fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。* U5 P! j9 U( N$ T4 p: amso-font-kerning:0pt"> * a& R8 e. Y* b, A3 [
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：* {) v$ G6 ] ]/ j0pt">“' P8 L8 R3 e5 i' O* M: cTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
2 c" ~( h9 Y1 `. ~. M: N8 a$ O3 mmso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐# R- s& b9 Z7 f2 v* P10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”5 a4 p$ N9 z6 A4 H
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语. r) a" b8 q U) L' j10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">•' ^: T" _: p+ Gmso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
8 d3 A- a y8 p/ vmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种+ l2 a) Q3 r1 @1 q3 e$ ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的% G* N6 r- S2 Q ^7 T( \; Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 G, V/ |1 E8 x! E/ x! S. ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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1 X3 F+ o, J5 G- G$ [+ d' y+ {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，" J) ? Q7 W5 d& y& |mso-font-kerning:0pt">“& L+ M; p5 W# F4 W& m; dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;0 I7 g8 T, |3 g& U$ _2 w. P
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教& i l* g5 M+ H e% emso-font-kerning:0pt">”, z) P$ {2 C0 ^6 e/ K' _$ d8 m. @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;* a, j' i; S4 |# |2 F
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教) @' b$ v* j2 ^5 r: ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。3 b0 \+ M; i( b0 i% H* p% I
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌. ?! L% a0 r' S7 L% d @9 I6 Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视3 H. ~+ @5 @: v9 g( j8 Q: Z# ~. u% h
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+ ]6 D" C# F6 cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗1 e8 y. F4 U* |3 l* J* Imso-font-kerning:0pt">”' t* n" g) G; m {8 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
T$ C7 S: t& y5 _: y! Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：7 W* P! w; p/ L' Z- I9 }mso-font-kerning:0pt">“# g1 I2 H$ x( i( k0 i' Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;$ g. }8 n7 O# d' M- x) K' N/ V
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。7 n- ?3 i; v9 Z; z* Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">”0 d# b- D/ h5 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
% M4 t2 X3 O5 x& H8 u6 Z8 smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语: j% y& M% f3 M* Z4 W0 {7 @8 W% _mso-font-kerning:0pt">•9 H5 l" p( B. H& N$ x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）+ p0 n0 N1 P# H( A
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( P; i9 C! O. K! A- Smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。% ~% ] P% u9 A. b8 q1 j
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& ]$ |% U$ Z' `+ T- Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语& ]) ?3 I& _4 m1 Ymso-font-kerning:0pt">•( [9 X8 ~$ X4 @8 c1 r9 W; Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;8 @1 D2 B2 e5 @0 q! g
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过! p( [2 B: {$ A; G! a9 m) umso-font-kerning:0pt">“( y4 a7 G& ~7 x4 d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨' p4 E7 d/ {. Q+ K, G7 Y8 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">”/ E8 i( f: S5 x, V# M$ E
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7 }5 r/ P8 U9 | ` u+ c7 b9 tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人2 G# U P/ a8 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">“& z- e. O- }) U( Z
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! K' P& ?) W# o- m8 R# I" g, pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。7 m4 A0 J `1 p3 i- g/ O7 C" r
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5 y$ l2 h; Z1 [0 Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。2 i- `/ n- ?8 }3 j% s. W7 p/ O
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。2 Q t4 J5 i, E% a d7 l2 L
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。' V" `( a! s% c% a3 I9 b
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。# O D) [9 m z- A' s; Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">——/ X! E* O8 J4 c" }1 u/ J7 s
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”7 s% B! S; P" ]8 I8 y! r% [: y" a( M" Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">——% m6 o S @2 v/ A: p0 @
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3 D( E+ S4 m" T5 A4 F* K7 _. kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。$ K# B, b* v- B$ X$ E# v4 o9 Tmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 2 Q9 h# M+ d6 J$ x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。5 \- j( _, V/ y; a0 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">”3 e+ O9 ]. W4 F, ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;; \, I- G; h9 _! H
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于$ [: M7 D" D& ] {
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- N+ |4 p$ r( t: i: T c I% T/ Zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群: ~4 l; ]4 K2 g$ w# p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨 b7 N8 Q0 Q6 R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓% e/ R, ^: F% h3 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓! m0 N/ z3 ?4 d) pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) R( X$ ?' v- S2 p" @" {
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观# E2 F/ }, D% {
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& X* {( M" ?# Q$ F4 ? O1 [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓$ F. ]% r: D$ @mso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 r( u6 S' P. ~- a, z3 T
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6 P2 x. N, d, J3 l/ J9 S: ], Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓5 g" |" C& M, Z9 I& ~3 k1 h$ }! _) e
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼' v+ N- ^- a0 v9 x+ w3 N* qmso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 N0 B& m. p6 a6 G" m
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. x5 y# F- H+ r5 Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语3 I! O' ^/ M# B6 E7 @- o; m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能6 }: B' n9 \! q; a+ K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒& z# y4 J2 B1 g7 ^* `& ~! fmso-font-kerning:0pt">”. }/ Z& j+ M, ]& U0 y9 X! ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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5 f, n9 I/ M, u/ Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人1 l$ _( |5 b; r% ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">“8 j' \9 f: v- F6 F1 y
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% {' V( s; v9 d4 x( w \/ K. ]Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。$ j+ {2 z0 X+ o
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智者见智，淫者见淫。有道理. [0 U- @! b- R5 Q9 _
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。! }1 @; _2 y0 G3 o7 |; n1 D2 [4 T
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, b' m9 a* x# G- q0 U, \Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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