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今日下午,《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课,我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块,也期待大家积极参与。这里,老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下:
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' _' d2 E" I5 h" BTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好,星期一下午有事未到,让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午,我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第6 F) N1 ^1 J5 O/ `" i- J! K
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1 I R9 d7 D. q4 a a' v8 ^; _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰:+ T; _% Z$ u! L# k v8 p( tmso-font-kerning:0pt">"9 Y3 y: x/ z! o0 M4 g3 i: {0 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 N, v' b7 U/ W: L. l1 l2 Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。- e; n$ M' A$ n, Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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9 Z0 y/ z& i8 N" y4 r aTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百:《诗经》实有三百零五篇,三百只是举其整数。7 H2 y# U* k7 X' P- r
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6 z2 X/ j1 C" I$ L" b' [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词,孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪:纯正,没有邪念。. t. ^0 ?! s* q7 ]; r/ |$ c5 u I* jmso-font-kerning:0pt"> ' V- `0 J0 m+ O: |( V/ }# S- t" _
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' W- f. W# S+ n$ O1 k; gmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇,用一句话来概括它,就是6 g! k) Z, |! ~! D" m$ X' H0 `0pt">‘- E% ]+ N" i2 y% e6 r- R. ^! e
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$ H6 n6 Y) @0 o% wTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问:孔子为什么极为重视诗教?' g \ M Y; I; O& m. P! P- t
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0 U& J5 p h5 J- ~; L/ y3 [: vTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答:本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过,吾道一以贯之,指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神,读书学习,重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之,就是一以贯之的意思,4 N1 Z( Q; h( t7 X- u8 t+ k1 v2 S C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。$ v& V7 I, G8 A. zmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》),兴于诗,强调诗的教育之重要,所兴的是人的情感。立于礼,礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐,乐教的目的是使这种2 s+ L; L& O ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">“. [+ [- h6 a) K; w: @0 h8 y2 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;- E% ^% i' R( J" D+ l; m
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+ L/ t3 ?+ p: V7 M) o; I, Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的5 [- p& z" P+ G! d$ L7 \mso-font-kerning:0pt">“1 F3 }: T3 Q9 s# Q H1 P
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等,诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁,孔子认为,就教化的功能而言,9 S _0 z2 ]8 i$ v, p
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1 o% h* u9 ]0 X, t- y* I5 qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。 _3 H4 O/ D n" s) l% B
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7 u! B5 w7 A- c0 x5 p& YTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集,经孔子删订,收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌 Q, V# `) x6 G! k9 y: N: ~: Y( L
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! E9 }% T6 l1 X& y# d0 w, Zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视3 h# H6 B0 r& S( k3 G" _6 I5 n
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9 f6 k5 |: j: Umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗0 _+ U* u. S' a$ f0 @& U) \% K7 }mso-font-kerning:0pt">”* J0 W- O2 u$ {/ A' ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
a6 a0 U+ d" ?/ r# D( G6 G/ gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用,他说:; A9 X8 N) v+ a6 c7 vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“: y: Y" N* y! Q0 ]2 ^" [3 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
, L; Z$ n+ M( w: \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗,无以言。+ A5 F4 s' i0 Q$ |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨。迩之事父,远之事君;多识于鸟兽草木之名。. N# ^* \0 ~, l2 j5 C1 q) ^6 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》)由此可见,孔子重视《诗经》的教育,一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识,二是通过) F* f. B" w0 ^4 A% fmso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ s0 i7 c5 a( M* Y0 f. k1 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
* K' M+ O- }5 @9 `& ~" @& Amso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨2 o1 u# j2 J5 _* ymso-font-kerning:0pt">”' O4 J7 O4 s7 x/ m* Q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操,并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育,使人. B/ E& Q5 x0 d$ e: @mso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 K7 u0 Y8 Q. L7 M# W$ ]" S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。' p" a6 M2 j6 |" r6 F" A: j4 N7 umso-font-kerning:0pt"> ' I$ `; ^( u( a; s+ M) }. d! @6 H
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2 Q' Y* @( \4 ~; e$ ^! hTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。% l1 \( \1 D/ X# A# @6 e; hmso-font-kerning:0pt">" S' Z- ]! U" E& }$ b6 a
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3 z; f1 t4 n6 cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解:诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。5 X% s+ v8 U# L( w5 m% ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。9 A3 D' |; y3 r" k6 [& }8 j) b
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6 j$ e: j: {2 P$ A! Q+ mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品,那时的社会风气是开化的,孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变,是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”6 x/ t( V0 `0 o5 ~" l4 y" ^9 n/ z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑,没关系的。% s; }. ~* v" l9 @/ M9 T0 @
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# M) R$ C% w6 J1 f" U' Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观、可以群,可以怨。/ b& d5 q; I) z# t8 Q8 L! ? Z% s5 h
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; g2 E6 M5 P& C \) Jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于8 X# ^' X/ q9 s. C1 e
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓% ^- v, K& H. I/ b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致,培养想象力;所谓# X; a) z, Q! S c5 R# V/ `8 B6 mmso-font-kerning:0pt">“+ `; c& o/ E$ {- ?8 E/ N/ F2 @
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5 z7 Z# [5 E$ g2 L" N" S [2 i, omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物,提高观察力;所谓( X8 `- ^9 w4 q. t7 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ c$ f m8 V- H8 a. k: N9 }: v5 v
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情,提高在群体中生活的能力;所谓. U+ }+ @9 s9 K
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f1 Z& `( V$ w: [6 m6 Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨( t1 p& R7 a8 J! fmso-font-kerning:0pt">”; y: e. g1 }' v6 |7 \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗还可以锻炼( g7 j) |: s) A3 L1 cmso-font-kerning:0pt">“ c% w3 I8 g% Y# N( m# B O; g; bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;' e9 x& _6 Q# h4 c. @
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤9 y3 w) q5 ^ _6 ~
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语. B- Y. Y% P7 j1 L# Q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》)的胸襟和品格,抒发心中之怨,而又能- K; j- V" v6 K* w% n/ Q7 c1 Nmso-font-kerning:0pt">“+ g5 e; h5 ~ U" l) v4 H
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/ `7 ?4 `0 ^$ P6 t7 A& zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》),恰到好处,合乎中道。总之,学诗可以使人" D3 J5 g7 ^2 t9 y# S( `
mso-font-kerning:0pt">“- p( ?$ c7 t# p. N5 [+ Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
R& D9 Y- ^7 H, c; E8 vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪, K% l7 R% B4 c+ _3 P. amso-font-kerning:0pt">”3 D0 L# b7 o5 W. c, K$ n3 }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》),遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。7 u) r. I/ P) Y7 z( D4 f* ]0 pmso-font-kerning:0pt"> ' k* X! D0 P9 x9 u3 P
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊:群呢,就是说物以类聚,大家有共同的审美和爱好,对诗经有雷同的见解,于是呢,就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢,就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物,会生出点点怨气,怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活,从而激发斗志。- C, j- ?8 ?5 u, Umso-font-kerning:0pt"> * p: o# k4 c1 c8 A$ W0 C$ P$ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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* H* f: f; {- KTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智者见智,淫者见淫。有道理# ]5 B6 w: q5 h) J' R# `% `
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的,写文章,也需要提高文学素养,如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句,定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则,干巴巴的,没有文彩,读之无味。6 h& O! E$ O% G" ?/ w" x7 `6 s7 Tmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 9 e2 G. {6 e; _3 e1 s7 t
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0 K! I% F) C/ j: T3 [' FTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨,是否也指怨刺,有着对社会的不满和抨击,比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等, o1 b1 @. `1 z \ pmso-font-kerning:0pt"> # [0 s! D: G: f* p7 J
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* m4 ?. M7 R3 P* v' |) }! oTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊,大家看看习总的语言风格,文学素养深厚,值得学习。
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