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' b3 m8 v0 b" qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群“重温经典读书会”49231471辅导我们学习《论语》。贾陆英老师一直记挂着我们这群“大学生”,原本这节课是安排在周三下午的,但贾老师届时另有要事,所以今日上午便特地在群里发出预告,提前到今日下午开课。有此良师,夫复何求?闲话少叙,立即把上课实录整理奉上。$ [! q& @$ B v5 g, X
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7 W4 c3 w8 N ~/ l& i+ U. v1 [4 N. kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">今天下午,我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第8 O% t9 F+ l3 F7 S
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孟懿子问孝,子曰:: I3 f0 ~+ o$ y, G0 B5 Y4 R/ {) j
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">无违。/ L: U! d) T" ?: b0 [! e- T: k5 q
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0 }% |4 q1 x3 t. {' }mso-font-kerning:0pt">樊迟御,子告之曰:* V: O$ M+ w0 ], Q! c2 X& H/ g
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孟孙问孝于我,我对曰无违。8 U7 {0 ^% x# F; V, o" v, a scolor:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”% @2 N, M. n; H4 FTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;
% v- N( M4 ~0 I9 _+ ?; zmso-font-kerning:0pt">樊迟曰:* l+ O. b. {& |! `5 J
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">何谓也?+ s6 x5 R. g1 l Umso-font-kerning:0pt">”) }: D, S9 a6 g: O/ P% s+ Tmso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;- W* m3 U: d8 A2 V7 Q# Q
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">生,事之以礼;死,葬之以礼,祭之以礼。7 n0 A( p* v: A5 kcolor:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孟懿子:鲁国大夫,三家之一,姓仲孙,名何忌,懿是谥号。他的父亲孟僖子临死时要他向孔子学礼。无违:不要违背礼。樊迟:孔子的学生,名须,字子迟,比孔子小四十六岁。御:驾驶马车。孟孙:指孟懿子。9 Q! x* C' P/ t( h/ _, wmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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, o1 N0 q+ i% _$ g) S/ tmso-font-kerning:0pt">孟懿子请教孔子什么是孝,孔子说:! y& A/ M/ Q9 A4 p5 q$ |
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝就是不要违背礼。( | m0 L' K9 F/ H% t% U8 Y2 ^10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”- a9 w9 f; z+ x) h* t i1 B: d
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5 Z* U; x5 ~& t( [mso-font-kerning:0pt">一天,樊迟给孔子驾车,孔子告诉他说:+ D* i: z3 {3 }9 ?+ }& r
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孟孙问我什么是孝,我回答他说不要违背礼。% b, o9 K9 J( r! U2 c, |mso-font-kerning:0pt">"' D# [8 i; b: ^; I0 I5 u+ R+ i7 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;. Y! {/ e' M6 n" A
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">樊迟说:+ t/ @/ @5 ]+ _2 J! d1 C6 [mso-font-kerning:0pt">"( v, x7 M; r2 k6 I7 t; x. ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">这是什么意思呢) z3 ~+ c/ s' Z# p7 P3 ymso-font-kerning:0pt">?" 4 Q+ N1 x& u$ b3 e9 F( Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
% e9 o8 C! ~" H2 K8 K6 M0 p; {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说:, J7 N" j' h8 `" F- X! E& T
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">父母活着的时候,要按礼侍奉他们;父母死了,要按礼来埋葬他们,祭祀他们。" |8 T+ x, c4 [+ f) _3 t& D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问:怎样理解孝就是! {( k# U+ L* s1 ?% v! v6 f8 S8 Y+ X& j10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">“6 }5 g a/ _$ p+ e6 Z3 t# D
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">无违. H1 E( P" X% t/ Q10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”! f/ m" R( L* @0 ?/ ]1 Y; w
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">答:孔子教人是很讲针对性的。孟懿子不能遵从他父亲贤而好礼之教,所以孔子针对他讲得- A* F8 |+ z: \, d" v) p5 E U
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. `- R" Y* [2 N( L& q Smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是不要违背父亲的教诲,这是就具体情况所做的回答。但是就普遍事理而言,孔子讲; E% B2 ~. Y( N! \8 amso-font-kerning:0pt">“, @. l4 }+ ^5 k0 Y0 {, f. |& D
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/ p4 e" t5 T& g. Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,强调要以礼事亲,不可违背于礼,- j- T; d+ J7 mmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% s! @+ o* G% a/ F- b; A
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6 b1 q- P* r. d6 J. @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">生,事之以礼。死,葬之以礼,祭之以礼。/ x- S" q0 `) u5 fmso-font-kerning:0pt">”3 t2 K6 U+ D) Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
* B' I0 `" [8 ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">父母在世,如有不合乎礼的言行,子女是不应当顺从的,而要以合乎礼的方法劝谏,这是对父母真正的爱护、尊敬。孝的精神,还应当体现在父母去世以后,要按照礼制去安葬他们、祭祀他们,这才算子女尽孝有始有终。8 C" ]; z0 _$ P Z9 [" Amso-font-kerning:0pt">
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1 V: m6 x% b( i+ Y5 H4 {) @" `- Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">答:本章谈孝的重点是,孝要落实到礼上。孔子讲仁与礼的关系,一方面强调仁是礼的核心,礼应当体现仁的精神;另一方面又强调,礼的规定体现了仁的要求,依礼而行就是仁。据此,是否做到了孝,要以是否依礼而行来衡量。9 |& z5 d5 f, _. m4 o! t; E9 E6 Y( wmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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' E; i% t; A) R8 ^! uTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝最重要的是心敬,心敬外化出来的表现是礼遇!反过来说,虽然礼遇有加未必出于心敬,但若是不加礼遇那就一定是心不敬,也就是不孝啦。所以外在的礼对于孝来说很重要,如若无礼那必然是不孝!对父母尽孝道,是义0 A' `% ]9 l1 ^. E/ Imso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝最重要的是心敬,心敬外化出来的表现是礼遇!8 u' _+ }, |; O' o9 w4 _6 Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">——% _* f( t0 c Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
- `) e3 {/ L! M2 ?mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">赞同。孝的本质,是发自内心的对父母的恭敬和感恩之情。有此心,才会有孝行。& o* Y6 c/ r: t7 x$ {
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾老,昨天晚生正好读到战国时期儒家关于礼、丧、祭的论述! `9 b/ C- o. w6 Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">2) S, p7 ~4 N. m
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对父母的孝道,是义。如何尽孝,是礼。如何行礼,就是生而不违,去世行丧礼,祭祀行祭礼。对父母的孝,绝对不能行功利主义,现在社会上很多人在父母有能力的时候,和颜悦色,等到父母年迈无力,不能给自己帮上什么了,就放弃赡养父母,这是一种巧言令色,有所图谋。这三点做到都是不简单的,先说不违,能够做到遵循父母的教导,按照父母意愿行事之人有几?晚生做不到,起码现在说,不孝有三无后为大,父母成天逼婚,依旧违背了。老吾老以及人之老啊4 Z: E4 h9 G" u6 O; p5 O( gmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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: P5 j0 L4 g: K/ z4 @Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝,如今还在于与父母交心、沟通,体谅父母的难处,分担父母的责任。现在社会中,生前不依礼事亲,死后大操大办的现象很普遍,成为了陋习,也造成了很大的负担。; S( \; h" p- }" C7 w5 @ w i. Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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4 T: l/ Z/ e) Q& E2 b0 s1 y( J. V! RTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孝,如今还在于与父母交心、沟通,体谅父母的难处,分担父母的责任。7 B/ H* o3 i8 D' Tmso-font-kerning:0pt">——& }# G/ {& C7 g0 S
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8 s9 T, ^/ U* C& f# ^( j: Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对,这是从情感上关心父母,是尽孝的重要内容。生,事之以礼。死,葬之以礼,祭之以礼。2 S+ L7 ]# e$ ]: d4 q* C( D
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: U5 b8 k/ U6 V) u% r7 c! j5 }" dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对父母的孝道,是义。如何尽孝,是礼。如何行礼,就是生而不违,去世行丧礼,祭祀行祭礼。《孝经》说:1 q: _+ h" q: o: v, c* L9 G V
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9 P3 ^% ?3 R. W9 }# \0 H7 h rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">礼者,敬而已矣。故敬其父,则子悦;敬其兄,则弟悦;敬其君,则臣悦;敬一人,而千万人悦。所敬者寡,而悦者众,此之谓要道也。* N" q# d# C3 W' @8 r5 k8 a, Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">”( O. o% c" ^; ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
" x, D5 r7 ]0 r8 Q; F# } X# Z( ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">礼的内在依据是孝悌,而外在表现,就是一个: k. {- s8 x0 e4 w M- k) H& x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">字。所以,如能尊敬他的父亲,那么其儿子就会喜悦;如能尊敬他的兄长,那么其弟弟就会喜悦;如能尊敬他的国君,那么其臣下就会喜悦。尊敬的是一个人,却能使千万人喜悦。所敬者虽然只是少数,而喜悦的人却有千千万万,这就是为什么把推行孝悌之道和礼乐教化称为$ u* e8 R6 }: q) P" i
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) x& \7 p' C: V/ U, Z+ imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">的意义所在啊。# w) ` b: s% z: v7 t2 n- X1 }
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">嗯,这就是不孝有三的第一种。事谓阿意曲从,陷亲不义,一不孝也。我们通常将的孝顺的6 l6 W% L9 B' [0 k* Z' k* jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% m' F% s: V, F! t8 D' O
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2 X y2 w- \: ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">其实就是不违的意思- J# k" M( F% {: E
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