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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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6 A. Y$ Q; @$ h7 }4 T( `& \9 X/ RTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第' S( b) U. J7 u! O+ @9 r( S' Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">2& ^1 A$ k! _7 [) t- W% n1 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：3 ^& U+ x/ b( v: b& `! K0 g
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。( I! S( q, {( O$ Imso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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' c( V7 X* B1 c: v# pTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。 Y* R; g2 E' q) I5 u0 m$ l2 rmso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ L4 z) Y1 f; E( q* Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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G& e8 v* S; [# |' _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经8 Q7 Q+ j. X: E& `# [4 |% a
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9 W6 i0 L3 {# N# x% omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。8 ~+ C* P! g ~5 ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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( \4 S. V- y0 w- ]2 D. t/ N D+ ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是( O" k, r' J1 ~0pt">‘9 A; b) V. N9 {# G8 _
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# M, V- M7 z) CTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？$ b8 F. [/ u0 S2 X
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，- L" C5 } F J! omso-font-kerning:0pt">"2 z( Q# ~! C/ _+ R# X+ z! y; r# xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;$ S$ K o% E2 N
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。! [( P0 `5 U5 v7 a$ K! D: Ymso-font-kerning:0pt"> " W% N) P4 m0 w, z
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7 C( _/ X' Y3 i% m, Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐, S; C; N# N3 ]+ b6 q4 g) Q1 D
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6 D p/ t7 S; B; |3 Omso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语' J7 L( N+ S7 b% F, A10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">•/ s. `$ Y1 P6 U8 v' i
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" w9 a+ g& U7 h$ x% M zmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种) K D8 K0 N ?1 pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“, K! F" ^4 p9 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; X0 o1 u- L2 d( Q/ Z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的4 R/ L" Z0 N- l! _2 {" z, p' N$ H
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐& _+ e, s$ y D1 s0 M3 f2 Mmso-font-kerning:0pt">”: A$ U/ x# V B; o/ [% |! \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;) v* m5 S; g# L [
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，; O- ^7 g1 H; w" j7 [# G
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* @% A% W$ E+ h) c& y" r- omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教6 U V' i5 _& x
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教) ]: e9 [. _: }, p3 b- {mso-font-kerning:0pt">”, k1 I) q- O& o) M) J1 n
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" v& q6 D( N) _mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。 G& F3 @! v" U
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& U+ d4 D3 o$ o5 D/ V f6 _$ U1 xTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌) e1 `' r) Q6 R" g3 Q/ [
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+ h8 ?- p. { w' Kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视6 O- ]6 m1 p* t! L! ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">“, M4 `5 r& K0 V& \0 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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1 G( D7 R$ I5 p: F* |: M5 b1 _4 R7 dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说： e/ k& j% P. q7 v9 d- w4 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“+ x: m" a' _6 ?6 |$ d. yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;, J6 }2 l% @+ y+ J( n
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。7 O/ @) L5 `0 n" Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">”4 Y: K2 D) ?% i9 \/ H: gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;6 I6 i$ _& s, |
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语' t: l& u; \6 z Y/ c4 [* J: vmso-font-kerning:0pt">•) t3 x; I, f D( S8 d- M. y
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+ F7 e) m" H( S- \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。; I0 T+ _' r3 S3 l. F6 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">”& z- c0 u. b) Q% K' B1 [7 y5 ?
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" W3 \/ h e3 K {( h/ @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语* a5 H) s* Y( R8 T0 A t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过5 @1 x1 H$ h. J" J7 r# ^; gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“& N8 C2 Z; Y; l& q8 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;$ r: C8 C2 q6 Z9 P2 C: p% l. D
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨0 G& }5 c6 d3 E" w; T C4 q1 k7 imso-font-kerning:0pt">”5 u* d' C: ^; P3 n5 w! f" i$ O B
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# j! Q7 H9 G2 J0 c' t# dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人' B# a) `5 r2 g% Q& p/ r7 m# ~: vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“& n; b& z* b; {/ i3 K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。( C! A. e4 j; m0 @. i
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5 y9 L* Q/ E$ tTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。6 ~9 a1 x2 d. g) I( amso-font-kerning:0pt">"7 J: n4 z8 E, A+ ~: ~. a% B
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# B/ ?( ]3 C; g) Zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。4 n3 \0 [1 h [8 _2 G
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。+ W0 J: Z0 L/ h, ~% C8 q: Umso-font-kerning:0pt">——0 b" ?8 @% _% x( }. yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;0 L$ H& s" \+ I6 f9 C- C; m0 f0 `( S6 B2 y
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃* ]/ M0 S! p7 C5 E8 [: N* imso-font-kerning:0pt">“# o% B% x) G; _; p. afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;) L9 I, Y! o! ^' F) ~' Z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”9 u+ p9 T6 Y+ g9 ?4 ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">——* l( {: ]2 B# b9 ]. j5 s
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。 W$ n1 O# f" {$ G
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8 b" s2 N9 q, o- R. e6 p* _" Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于# O5 p, U: r+ z( P' L! i5 S" [
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨2 ^; l3 i. [2 ~+ }( a3 `
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓3 k3 u& E( I/ d/ ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">“$ Q1 w4 S: }/ _5 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓9 b* k' V7 o1 o# V3 ]$ Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 O# D: T2 v6 P6 x5 g1 {% _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;5 c- P! d+ d- h1 L9 I- R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓% C" m; @& K% W- k k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓! I' C% z9 O K) s2 p, y
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* o9 `, w" Y6 v- zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨: }, J; u4 i9 e: R* N! Umso-font-kerning:0pt">”. L, L2 w0 Z; d; ]3 b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能. y& e' i7 @6 ~1 G( c$ smso-font-kerning:0pt">“* o" K8 a4 j5 ]# m' U1 \& Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;4 `9 l) M" _# X( y e) l: `! P$ X
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& p) U& F- e% |! |% Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人* Y4 x- |6 y8 M7 kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 w' Z5 @4 n1 G5 D- d5 j Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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, |" S" Q: E' H ITahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。6 d; K! J2 m. J! R" B: `
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j8 t2 A0 K; d" Z, r* Z: w% `9 FTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。1 _/ u p' h D! ~' } pmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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2 ^/ V H& [/ {, i0 \1 Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱3 ^! a- i0 ~4 L( |1 ^1 jmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 7 s. K* [( M4 \
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; ~3 W: B$ V' MTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等- z# I% v5 k0 `, x D4 v4 X: ^1 r
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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