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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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9 U3 T. B1 |: l2 e& e4 B; n8 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 4 D+ g& e' M) w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, + C! A; n, N; q6 K: Q% f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 R6 _# y- `' h, C! y& } "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 5 U, J6 t& z9 _: z! q4 h6 J; \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,) d2 ~/ r* j. j- ^( x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: g- Y1 Q: E* }4 |: ~"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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& P: d$ T+ J4 ~6 V& @' Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, $ H) {9 M( J$ @$ ~& N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ) B+ c# R4 h: O \( Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: M- i/ y- X% ?. V% k; d' _) D "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ( k& ?2 N5 k. Y( B/ s1 Q2 W" l5 q# o7 T' Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, # b0 M2 q7 |) s4 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 4 J2 C5 O" c; h) L7 j8 E2 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . Z4 P; ~" H$ u6 Y: Q"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 4 b7 b6 d+ q/ smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % E, C) U, z. P7 L' I2 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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( t( q& }% z6 M4 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,4 {1 z. y1 G* O$ v2 [ 2 {( H2 B7 N; k5 L; \0 f/ m0 `# nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: h% k6 f8 C4 r+ g "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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7 n0 z* n& ]$ R9 V# [3 [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, * o2 g* s# S+ T7 E, u+ h7 ?6 e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ , f' @6 I" f5 u9 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” " o4 {, S E4 o& F. M& ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 0 `" W4 I% f' G& B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 1 g* g) A* T) V" v4 y! f# N, @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 0 }; F6 ?9 q7 [0 ^4 h7 L0 g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * a. U' n! F. L% u/ r"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 6 d( `* R+ h7 M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, $ r/ n1 Z( W8 Z! t$ m; o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, {: Y6 z0 T5 t1 P/ `4 t( I( k "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,0 E+ p0 T- e6 x | 6 m- u1 q, @5 h# g6 g+ I/ ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, . o. ?- Y D0 U/ a" n7 S6 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, W0 j3 J b& D! h9 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , }- p" Q# }: W9 o2 @! a. m& l! @"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ! B& s8 w- D: ] h! V! J9 n: |0 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ' Q1 Q- u: q# p8 N0 M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 G! V( g- j2 H6 o+ a"Times New Roman"">“ ; `( r. g% b3 a7 \. N4 Q" j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 2 B5 @, j7 U+ k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” . `8 d3 v7 h1 I- ]4 {- S: ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, . Y# E2 k w% D3 ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 i6 u% _& `! V- o4 w) O9 N" E"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 5 J. S y1 v h" F3 x" D; G( I, N0 D7 ?( [6 ]6 ^! y2 k1 W7 h% l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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, _- y8 I2 C( @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 4 j! K" S, q3 ]* y. J- p0 D# G 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ; |0 |! R% @" s7 X1 T9 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: n; t( q; N: ?( C7 ` "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, e4 e3 V$ `, b & V* J! ~ v+ ~8 `8 [) U; k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, + W% }( P5 H6 z, B5 | c, p( C% [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, z; i, d( L, y/ g6 p& {3 b1 e "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, & f, x. p5 A7 B$ F+ `0 N2 k6 s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 t, d1 t7 W; Z" A2 a$ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里! x# \! B* B) v! `; Z0 t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 9 a4 O( k. r8 y6 W7 J S ~9 Y5 j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(+ r% \! j7 i- e8 \+ J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), : r0 ~( X2 h V+ L7 \. ^2 K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 W, `( W2 K k. |" ? "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 J. {% O2 v0 [12.0pt">, ) ^1 t6 Z- L+ ?# W+ A0 E2 a "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ( z1 t7 I. C& {8 r+ dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& |7 ?1 Z0 @: O1 @( o8 A. Y "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 7 z7 e+ C) B9 v r" gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!( K k% R: Y( ]4 _! z* @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, - d% K% M3 c5 ]) b Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 r9 [* G5 x0 e2 Z' N/ v "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: + O" g% l( a7 r- n2 |9 |5 ]% ]* xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, - S. V: E% S0 d& d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, $ Z6 R+ v# Z; [' m& ^! rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . d9 f) W) {% r. N4 i8 f2 a"Times New Roman"">“ & C+ R, A0 j- M$ n& xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”6 |3 G8 f+ I) e2 Q0 j" F12.0pt"> 8 Q$ H0 ^8 g8 M- S6 T, `7 x- W"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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2 N e2 G7 X2 K* z6 R: `# k/ Y6 S: Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, , t/ V$ I, |$ g0 Y9 l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ! Z; E# a2 X( ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 d0 F3 r5 c' [# s+ ^ "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 ~: F E; \% Y K* \9 w4 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, - z9 f; J6 K1 S; O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 h8 f- v9 ^9 P9 Z% L" F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% I! H, A1 U4 F2 j7 u "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ( T: d+ Y6 @9 A/ q8 a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ) L, r E) z) w1 u' b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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" l9 [5 V' Z+ b. w5 W# y/ M- o9 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,- d! d: Q- Q0 P, `4 J* s5 G: ~' P % B6 H% @6 H: M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) Z+ R6 V: R3 ~: N) u( x8 c1 e"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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! l: {# K( O. M. [) m0 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, & Y4 x c, b$ b9 B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 6 K0 f+ G( W& U' M, A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 V4 ^" f% i" `8 T+ i2 x. D "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, . g9 I! G* P4 u% ^" t1 c" [# X' {6 }" r& Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, * J/ ~3 {$ D1 Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( w/ j5 Q9 G4 o, S7 j5 i0 |"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,3 }, ?% j0 Q& ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ! J% F& \. H6 D8 w' ?" I3 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' _9 ?: P9 a: _) Y. t9 ` "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题4 ?" a$ \; ~/ U3 b8 L% M 12.0pt">: 0 F& g! r2 E& b# z8 a: o "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 3 J: r# q- R$ b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 c$ z: ~+ M. U9 @4 g( T"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才- c( N P% t3 r& x- R 12.0pt">, - f9 N" ?) p9 T- R# G8 V! S* { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ( h0 w J/ ^, V; M6 H) Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- @ L. Q6 \; @ h& u6 U' e "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; * l7 \" W+ m! [9 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 1 {) P# P0 `6 V" w8 A( ?0 l" y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, * V6 J9 a( W9 @/ J6 M2 {0 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, e' X+ M5 O- W9 F+ T$ j# E "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题: f: ^- y- K$ E12.0pt">; P& E- ]; t% T" w# N+ s3 |"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 4 L) U9 Q' @4 m* j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) e' H4 x* u5 H$ H( b "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求! U1 |* N& n7 u12.0pt">: 5 [& r' O, q, K. G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 3 `2 ~2 b* v+ d6 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 O$ f& y6 ~) j) G6 m0 E. n* e"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, % P% a( x7 f* K4 Z* L0 R$ d; |! wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 6 P' g$ e1 T Y% Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( q; f y; Y) o$ j8 [0 _ "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统3 \; I3 q- H( o: a, q, K4 E4 G1 } 12.0pt">:

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* \9 J1 [( G( z, R r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,! O' M0 R8 \/ F; K( [5 ] ) I; O4 I# [' ~+ \& K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' N! c/ F6 ] n2 _8 t3 d9 v2 L# ? "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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& G' E' g8 t1 q% y4 f# G7 t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & Q4 Y$ p9 @0 f. a0 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 ^$ i# T! ]* D+ w" M5 ^"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ) h( N/ n/ `4 J( E' m# p: a9 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ ~( e, [4 S6 }$ s! j: Y, m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # x) f( F+ z. j9 V- A"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,3 D- A4 m4 N( k- k" a! u 9 b' j9 `& V5 `) L7 X5 h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, - ?5 [* k0 D6 M2 l" n. c& N. f Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) Q# b/ ?* G& e0 W& v0 E" A "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 3 q/ [* P7 k3 @7 ~/ Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 2 F5 \6 i, W3 B/ N5 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 9 g( B! p) L' G. F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. N Q7 ~; s7 N3 j3 ` H "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, . K' ]8 N2 z V6 S! } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ' U1 z, m- B7 U0 r3 d, o) `- q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" t$ A' ~* A& [- c) H "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, & [9 \9 S) u* H( j; N; R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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. F/ G# q* [" \/ m0 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,6 Z' c% J0 m: n) lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. Y3 J: s, r6 a/ B7 d p1 K! [5 T' v "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定; d4 o$ [ R$ D# ^$ q9 b12.0pt">, 9 H/ a9 q/ T7 U1 ` "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ! N. m: P2 e1 H$ Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / C# G% V; q5 O/ S: B"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:) J& m8 v. L: \2 H1 M7 {- R% l+ Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, * r$ t. R4 ?( s3 O- T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, + k3 b, f& L. Y \0 tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# H; C+ m; k! g' f! u& q7 N8 b "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 2 s m6 z6 ?1 l7 l; @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, . E S! ^; ]9 M4 H4 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * A+ k4 r1 d8 _3 h"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ; L7 d4 O4 _7 g) R8 _5 B# b' J `7 A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ( p' I+ R& E- N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ) _) P+ d6 i8 B$ I& Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - D0 H. J3 I D8 a"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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