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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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+ ^4 v! {$ _ _6 F1 T. x* Y+ k$ K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, / e/ @0 s1 z# @3 ^$ Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 5 r2 @ f& I0 {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% f, r# V B% r1 H! q1 d9 ` "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 9 p6 i3 ~3 P I0 B2 l. D: R8 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,: n2 T5 m0 {; q! U$ n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 ]/ f7 e0 Q3 E5 U/ w2 G( Z "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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5 @- q& {1 h- c0 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ) ~8 d `5 G* o$ T7 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ) l( Q9 w" Q: w; Q1 T. Q. Q5 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 f( t% D, A* h! \: M4 j1 g" ]"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,. _: n/ w7 s1 N `! y- j u ; e* I) n4 f- ~7 d U) N; @4 N$ q4 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, * }1 B( P. V8 t3 `, [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 0 w$ h' [6 ~- P) s0 ~" Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - r- G0 R! z- P6 v' h6 e' b6 c"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, * U) t" Q) X) Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, & i0 n8 X' e. L8 D$ Y- y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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, o6 c2 D, ?9 `- k) ?/ A/ p5 C5 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,& R" y2 D4 k9 F$ J 5 y+ c# B- c/ |0 Y8 M. I# l( Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ ?3 S# P$ G2 |) H "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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; D+ X& E7 F0 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, , f& n7 \; ?8 y; f- O( k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ : M o! q& t# s' K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” * ?5 f+ A) \5 r4 @* u. M9 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 9 Y/ A+ U& u$ a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ; l0 Q0 J% m6 \. d! L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " `- k: w$ q" \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& g F6 s2 m2 I7 M3 ]* [ "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 8 a) T2 x4 z* c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, : _' `/ |4 i2 L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 H3 b" ?' e! y: c2 m4 }"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, * v+ F' A/ y; G% Q/ J: O: c; u9 n9 ~! \4 f/ Q2 h X9 X% ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 9 m, B% U/ C8 P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ' x; f/ P/ _' _8 Q7 o) {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: S8 Z" N+ ~8 F% d: }5 {* u1 } "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 9 R" t0 Z# ]1 q/ H4 t. K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: , P5 z n! P5 \: E+ {9 B ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 v8 e! G$ R- h7 ~. D4 y "Times New Roman"">“ 5 j" @7 f& }- G, {8 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? , {6 [5 o+ h2 D6 X r* a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ( u6 S, F* p; `9 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, $ K" u' U5 `% O8 `( Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 E! H' q( V9 n"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: L/ B" b, R7 e3 Y ) I" y- h/ K0 L! p3 r* `/ K* n# a1 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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3 A- H: C2 R* p6 y O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 7 S. s' j- i2 O) L4 f. t4 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 4 d0 h+ v. H3 P8 {6 e5 p5 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 i/ F1 I& c& J2 C"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, / H$ r7 @; ]$ b w: @0 P. k" x: p. Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 6 y0 Y* Q- T$ w5 _7 H$ Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 P0 |+ A8 B* R4 v"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, : e) u% V: W; l d$ fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 - F' `, y3 z4 Y- @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里0 I1 J/ M7 t8 L# E4 {% Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ! K+ X O% [. O) e/ q7 ?" k: W5 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(+ [5 {8 M; C7 N: R' {) K! Z; D' s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 2 w7 @7 ]5 i5 R! [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 R( V; m5 B1 ]. k4 C5 H ]. U"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用6 M7 p" _1 Q0 \, o6 h* q 12.0pt">, 5 k; N: i0 I. B! W "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 7 F: [0 F @; b" v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! m1 N6 e1 [* O0 u"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 B( ^4 h2 ?% wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!- l, k* r& `2 I% u5 p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, " U K6 l6 f5 @2 K; Q0 b. Q2 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! w1 |% y/ l, v6 \/ u "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 3 U2 f9 i1 N' P0 Y! L3 b; g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 4 A% }% O# n9 X- P( ]7 q. I; _; ^! _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, , ?5 P/ M2 I9 y! y& Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! k' O3 M1 T: E/ @, ]! Z3 m "Times New Roman"">“ . ?* R8 L( Z, g3 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”& B# q K; H2 S" w+ e# S 12.0pt"> 6 ~1 [2 B- }: Y; B9 u "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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% q& a9 @: D4 u6 Y% H Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, ' E+ R5 `! b! `( X6 F' T, P$ C/ o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, . V" d+ V# s/ W1 u: l, C6 b4 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( }. h6 d; o s8 {7 k/ f"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, * T9 o8 L) f1 L) G. m) Y kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 2 Y# e* I1 S8 c4 n3 b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, " w$ _! s$ H4 O* S' tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * G/ F! w! O* B- `0 n/ ^0 ^; h"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! Z5 X& q7 D' s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ; x* M$ g/ z) E$ A1 l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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9 ^' ] C. D6 o! O& @5 f0 ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, * [# ?: ~, g+ y9 H( V' C1 Q% I r7 _4 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 V8 n' T) W e( I9 M. W"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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( }* }6 S* z4 G( emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 3 f$ H$ ]# n8 \' q5 U/ q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 0 @2 E/ a/ U( B; R, B% I0 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # `" O+ ^( n& y( k' b: A C"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,2 r( M, M6 [$ P- v7 O0 R, J * N& F2 T4 C5 u/ Y/ i; Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 2 f, D: m+ H) H1 Q/ ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 |3 H. k& }* ?- e- x"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,& v" `% ^1 L. M, L4 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 8 R. M5 s$ N! q0 y- Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. F# i9 |7 g( N* o. P "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题# g2 Y. O7 Q- S( C. ?3 L3 C6 a12.0pt">: 2 u0 }9 W2 J3 X, d" d K! h "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 8 ~4 ]! Y8 v# i8 K4 S( x8 J' [0 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # @3 z9 K+ Z- ` I3 D T# ]"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才* V" [4 A5 t$ w3 X0 ] a 12.0pt">, % _* Q V" {; F, ^0 V, X"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 6 H: }0 f/ _2 g' b, ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 U( \1 Z3 k# k) {$ B "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 7 {8 p0 m! e9 J9 y* R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, % g3 d/ m0 u% d- {9 ^: q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, R4 K) e3 F1 [% Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 Y, c2 [( y% K" J% ^. i "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题! }9 w- E( s! e& u' Y 12.0pt">; ! \: Y3 r+ n' P! z) S( @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ) y/ q0 a: n( v8 t5 s" Z/ wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' V1 _ l$ d$ Z1 o5 t Z8 B "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求! X$ y; K7 q* m( z6 _+ b7 Z" b12.0pt">: & N8 r- p; M$ U6 J1 ~$ _9 w "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; / b! d3 ]7 n* X! X) b+ M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 E- `2 y6 l/ v# ]$ a: g! a' j"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, . G: [2 J" Z" _3 u+ smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, " ^; t2 I3 n. u6 S- _, A7 a5 a$ F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 y4 t% v, k$ z$ B: o4 f( d "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统1 I- D$ Z8 s1 K9 X( P! i 12.0pt">:

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/ M. v' s4 \+ S5 a! i3 d) g7 Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, " \; I- U3 a/ ~" H2 F6 n3 a+ N8 Y b7 L% ~: U. u/ e& x$ `: x( u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ i" \1 e: t* Z& o: A "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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5 p6 V8 @+ W: Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 3 k! o# ?% ~* sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & I. b2 n' t2 u% J, B"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, : ?' V! W; E$ f2 n0 A* [- ?6 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ; c# \& e' C: W! [1 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( ~0 p& l9 \/ p2 n# k7 y "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,! \5 l; U# V: i2 ] " ~5 `% U+ ~' z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 3 \1 i' E- |8 p0 T/ \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! C! h2 b4 ~1 R0 t {& W- W "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 4 {# g8 M. k( r5 Y; j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 2 Z& A! F7 S6 |% z h" D# t+ U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ' z, C3 p. q) a" g6 ?% Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * V, D8 l4 _2 F4 r. y5 e$ u' Q1 ]"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, $ ]1 f) s$ i8 ]$ J6 b$ t0 D8 ]) smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ' `" j+ T) z i4 L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 k$ E/ x% @+ P) ]# H"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, + J& H$ k+ f, X* t2 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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1 z0 Z% I; o8 B. }/ cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,) g4 ~& Y4 G: X1 E: P# U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 t" r3 I+ n* h# d$ T7 J "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, Y7 `& [7 ^2 e, g$ i! D3 o- g) C0 R12.0pt">, " N; n. I0 [5 B"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 1 t7 F$ `! i' [+ f Q o4 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " o" ^( D. S( G0 G, k6 N i"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: m4 J' {& X) l$ J2 C# |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 b, z- {9 X. q# s: t# P+ z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 4 W/ M/ ?3 U8 d2 b3 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 o+ u* |: f) ?: L% J "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, " c& a1 ~; k: |* h; }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 4 H) F& E* x [$ ]1 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) t, J) }% g$ m. x "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ' Y z- r* @5 p7 S& L/ b; } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ N" I+ v8 s. b4 D. R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 7 W3 }2 E- ?6 \: E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& q5 p' q5 {* l; z, @5 D "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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