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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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! U! \+ O/ H( j9 \2 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, . R: S' `; }( x* q) u- q5 A, M7 ^4 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, , }8 z8 ]9 c" ^& f6 \' m0 p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 o. a& k0 B. z" p x6 X3 v; @2 h"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, - V% v* s3 j7 T3 O6 G o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,+ F% z2 G# \4 d, V, R6 Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% y) e, N( ?9 O" m "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. Q$ \) v9 l; h ?" qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 6 B& T* t; H% d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 R# D; Q/ p. x" ?; }4 c5 b0 L, `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 q+ M& E+ @/ U9 g7 U* N"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 4 x% o- M, E1 A: |* K, D; `3 Q b A1 m. ~! k. cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ; G( x% Q" G' ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ ^0 I @7 m8 _) H2 V+ P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ g' O! z- c# E; U "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, % {5 ^; w; Y! rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 ]0 @7 G8 e6 M- |) y" J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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( s7 u, ?' `: K* U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,! k) F" N: ]9 N' u $ `" E- g6 x4 @. b ?$ wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 Z9 | c, T! ^( z& c"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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& E( p5 u- i2 ?* |% y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, - G. J. o. B4 D$ M: u3 }% ] 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 0 @0 j- ~9 z0 i& u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 2 d z0 d( C ], Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ $ W+ J# G0 d. c1 {! | d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” : @. b: t9 ?% z- @4 Y5 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 5 S8 v0 ]0 v- k+ k r( [/ @ \5 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 {' b; F6 I4 B q. }7 P "Times New Roman"">前者为因, , ^5 l |: a @1 W, W9 h8 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, % }* p, K# \. g) L# ?, F9 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; F8 ]7 v+ c5 k# {6 C"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,: g8 y8 U+ e5 F( i7 V ; i' S) @- n$ d; ~4 A) `# q4 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, + h( [/ J/ M+ X7 V" z, o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ( k5 g/ }9 U* l, f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , D$ p+ _9 K/ d& N" l; L"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 4 }9 Y' Q" G( [9 A$ o1 o2 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: / A- T" B y: t& W3 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, |" g& H% u: D/ S! s "Times New Roman"">“ 2 @0 @* q) i* U1 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 3 |0 {: Q5 `: _+ K! q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ( C4 J! D3 W/ {4 M3 G( V! D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ) [) {2 n8 P$ c4 b gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 ~+ Z! c/ v; V* F1 D4 S "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:) t% O# D" A& D @+ o1 N7 I; V" l ! v7 P! C5 v, N6 F& {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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8 K% \/ D: e0 u8 L% ~, ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 / x8 T2 \3 G6 z9 C2 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 0 q; ~. O( x5 u- B1 H' ?# ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; X/ g+ Y) Z& A. o8 @ "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,) ?0 e& Z9 Q+ w- O* `3 J9 I/ d+ _ 1 Q! N; I* P2 `2 M- S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 8 ?% O( A( e" M7 _ {1 _9 Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! c, I8 W7 v. h8 y4 `2 [ "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - v/ b- {% H) G2 b9 V! l. Q: s9 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 - u4 C- j. ~* `1 Q! D% i5 n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里9 r6 |" ]! l" e" o# _$ Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 . w, I# ^6 ~" _9 W5 s6 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(& k2 C' b' Z- }3 q( s- A) z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), - H9 s0 w) ?7 U; o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 M8 u* Y) s& p6 s4 V$ z8 a9 A! i) N "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用; x- M O7 N2 {% r12.0pt">, , d% w* M# G: j4 F3 K+ m" _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 9 }; S) Z$ u2 a9 n% F) R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# U0 _8 j' L$ P0 Z5 E: s. Q "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, . Z# b9 _5 {# lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 ~* r( o7 W: q2 c4 P. F0 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, % U w3 S( V- a, c! [+ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * n! P2 {+ A* d9 J% l6 ^2 W"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: " ?/ G- [& n5 ?! N8 x' Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, & m3 }) u- v" _7 C' y) g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 3 N t8 m) G" `$ ?6 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 \" f8 m( w7 V$ G& n- V0 L "Times New Roman"">“ . k2 x4 z) c# L' I" J9 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车” o' s" b, I0 b# e. D1 @; V12.0pt"> * }# v0 G5 O+ B"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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& E) \' Z$ Y+ P% C: V+ @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 3 s% T; g' C9 f$ l/ m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 7 c5 F1 c* z+ K, X8 g4 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 h. v% `9 N! |3 p, u7 B9 e( Y"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 l1 a! V5 n! x3 p7 G+ ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 4 w; ^ ~: ?4 w9 E1 o/ m2 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ( N( k) h" v8 j6 \2 I$ Q# h+ R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. u8 E7 Z+ h7 ^; m: K. q7 ~ "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 9 o6 M2 {4 P. G' v: ~4 a+ `2 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ! `: H! V$ H" [, n# [ l" R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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) z# ]5 m9 _, ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 6 A# \9 J$ |6 t* E1 y8 }# A/ y' w8 s9 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * W+ \+ |- u9 C" F% j, [5 r"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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/ l2 Z! d( ?/ N" n) Q/ @2 e3 a% S' rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, & V5 q# A! R7 e+ w6 O5 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ) y- [: Z! H3 D- p font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' t" q# }) J5 i, V# V! v7 b"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 8 u" y: e* e( t0 ^# }6 X* J! T4 i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, % ]# X( _( @/ B( y I4 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 v6 b: [- U8 s "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章, I& }' m. O; [" C& x( o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 4 w% L$ W: Y" q) [. L: _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: D# o0 q, R; Q2 g& z! g0 L& y "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. K. M& n- x+ j" k1 s) I12.0pt">: 2 H$ D0 M! V4 x: Z/ H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: : q& Q, R9 {+ V, b U7 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: \* Y# M& p- U9 r. \& I% f1 f "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 u3 @7 x. W, l 12.0pt">, % H3 w: J+ Z6 D( ~" R: n7 L "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, + M" B \; M$ b9 N1 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 c) C' i; z) G, i7 I+ U"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 9 q# j9 O6 g v' D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, $ a5 u2 c& F+ Z' Y* n% U% K* B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, * @, Z4 t, e0 {/ M5 [: J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! S" V# u. c/ h8 E "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题6 k. `# \- i! ^6 h' `, X12.0pt">; : R: M& F; p7 ` "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, . u5 G$ i+ V4 h* f9 k& T3 b6 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & v4 d& n+ _. z* w2 q4 S5 \" ?2 a"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求4 Z" ~8 T2 U& u 12.0pt">: ; ]/ E9 a4 b4 o, K" R( K) D "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ; y$ P% R1 [+ W2 h. p& A5 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 H( h- C4 T- j1 W "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, $ P& D( X" y3 s3 g3 p4 W$ A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, / {5 X' a) q8 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- |8 [) G# U8 b2 _7 v" \1 ~: b "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统9 P( o# L- }: V/ V" K# T9 T8 N) S 12.0pt">:

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( j( r D h+ K9 z/ `! J, c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,$ h1 h( z$ y; ^7 \+ W$ m # |8 J) M6 S% Q( | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' r1 e8 k/ I& q; ?+ d"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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5 r4 V1 h1 X( N h7 f9 B0 z( _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ' p O- J1 k. X$ f/ W5 e, ~2 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 F) b' ^ \/ i$ x"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ) U: b5 h) e/ \: R, ]$ g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ; S0 L5 ^ C: sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " v3 J* M4 W& {$ l, B' ]"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, % B/ a$ Y( O# e& `; s5 Q: g8 A( @) J1 G7 h& ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ; j1 [4 B) p8 e$ @9 Z, {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! P5 B0 L+ s! e X6 _( S"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 6 S. g) Z4 H4 o- c. E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 0 Z% T( E4 O* |' d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ) `+ u6 |4 p3 d2 afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; z+ |/ [# F# F# S$ O( [9 f7 o( ?' f"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 6 r* H; E& H8 B% xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 5 E5 Z v( A- [: Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: ?7 C( b2 g% W "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 0 s! F* `9 U: @4 L$ H( W0 k7 ? R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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. `% @7 _. `- @0 K i0 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,7 u4 n1 L) s% U3 W. }, ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + W' B6 z" d2 C" \% P6 |"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定; K8 Z4 @1 b5 d Z" p+ }12.0pt">, : ]& S. [) \. o: ~% t# m$ I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 0 _- i0 U# ~0 S, c6 k, ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 Z6 `, G d$ e1 W0 J2 c "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:2 f& X+ S2 F( |3 S4 Y0 Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 0 O% h2 Z r8 t. V% X# Y5 ^2 I. N t4 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, . Y" P7 r! N/ B' L% C4 n1 |0 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 l$ T6 Y9 R) x) O"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, % t: y1 I! [# s- ~. S9 \& l8 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, , L/ t' _7 s' z2 W- K: B8 K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# j* R( {' k: z( J+ z* L. u/ a "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 8 Y" U) x0 U7 U4 G: ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ & i& t: U( F8 Z7 p7 E! ?8 I9 A7 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, * K* F A6 ?: l% s7 }# V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: h/ v- i9 I: P "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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