漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

- O0 d) `6 e g9 s3 I9 O9 R0 t; imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, % o, t& f. w0 \2 ^& z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 3 S" F% I- f# y2 G4 ~) rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 6 S) A( S" E! O1 y+ h4 V& [! F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,0 n( G* X" f9 j; g4 k6 J, I+ }! d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 l7 N/ K1 P }; O& R"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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6 B, {& j+ g( `# l, wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 9 E$ m( b# S8 c& D; M+ c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 4 G. G. {0 @; {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / r) v4 T8 V( {; Z+ \"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, * T: Q8 k6 r# c8 |) A1 O J/ p1 P, Z. amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, , d% r, ^( s5 u- v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, - H6 c9 Z/ {* ?5 W! ^ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' K( Z; J1 F6 u; E6 ]% x"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 z( L& v7 V6 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 8 E8 L( V! W4 l" o3 `) E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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' x. a; A. k" I* m; ?: }8 }% j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, ; W' D% ]3 y6 Y6 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 t1 j7 S% Z4 L( R; V"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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6 t v& @" Z# z; Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ; T. e. d. z' ^% [ G5 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ $ k% |) x2 E8 a) e" T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ?: n) ~) I0 }) G& ` g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ # r$ A9 T& c+ R, ? s! w* [* K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ A R! u# l { Q' A$ Z" Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, . r3 ?: `7 T4 r- Q l8 y! J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 7 j5 d' `( [6 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ; O6 K% J6 `" }* p6 Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 6 c5 s8 F0 ?) a# F! x4 u2 I' M# _% v2 Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, " j1 \. D3 B, _, b e6 I4 ?, J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * o# i) f/ X% w0 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, & C6 W" I5 b0 e1 ]4 @6 J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ) N8 q; f- _, }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 f/ W }$ y, A"Times New Roman"">“ , O: X7 r" P* S4 l' | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? J" w# @/ p& J# l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 [/ @: i' j3 w- d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, 5 q- `9 l& o: P3 K( m3 J% D& s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: & \8 A9 G% x( @1 m _/ r' U# t& I+ M: c$ g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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6 J }, m+ H# A8 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ( {2 @0 f* y0 r1 |0 S0 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 6 K% K7 W0 k6 R0 J' ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 6 B8 O" _( i* ^! q; _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ! X! X$ G) Z o: \+ F5 A/ q! `2 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: \( [5 c# W" _- o"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ! I8 z% F/ V+ m' h2 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ' N. a G0 S8 I- @5 h: H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里* V6 g, h8 s* S# `7 k, t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 0 n+ h4 b5 [5 D% Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(: ]/ j0 q( f; v! G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), : k0 I6 b" T! E4 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用; x- f9 ^8 c& X- W3 I1 G+ S+ k5 H12.0pt">, " P7 v# E+ {9 J9 h! ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, - H4 L ?7 T8 G# q/ s% |1 g0 G+ ], Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 A2 ?/ U# H. R% J+ J"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, . c1 s: a( k# \* G1 l/ R( W% n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!' N, S- }& B6 T) E1 _! {& @. a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, % i% L7 I$ P' O4 [ t- _( \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 3 [- m/ |) n; H5 ~( }/ ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 2 r1 F% X* G' b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 8 z* p. ?! h+ j/ h9 w2 N: e, g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 5 k3 L$ x2 a0 i* J! k0 v9 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”! a7 F! b) R2 b/ U- n12.0pt"> ( h3 a$ O7 y& |, X' i"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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- x8 Q# f8 w& P j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 0 ?5 d3 F, z$ E5 \ P4 X; Q1 I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ' t3 ~( q8 W: x# q- w* ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " r- ], h- H" B6 D"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 7 H) X$ ^* Z8 ^7 J2 a& w$ B1 Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, * A/ c' s3 F6 z. p9 s, u: x' ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - c1 C; E+ e# V6 i p5 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 Z* j, i. N- n6 N* o; _"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 8 Y8 Y: w2 S6 N' t. ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ; i! `7 N$ t* K& K6 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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5 j4 }7 s: F6 O* ?$ R( {# V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 0 ~; d* [$ V X% k$ j [& b1 P9 Y* i. _4 o4 F% n" C5 Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + n; s$ A5 C1 I: I) \" k"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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( ^6 m. H3 s3 S9 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, & Q3 b2 T9 Y6 b/ Z6 R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 4 n! o) s( `6 l- h: X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 Y. p' V. Y3 f+ S5 O) g"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, E% S% D+ m" X8 l( ^7 m4 p& H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ' S* D. L! R* ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,! p( X% l1 b) f7 q9 J+ p4 B4 q% U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, & ]8 g. E" H) N$ R& Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % G" c6 h" _3 Y7 q" O"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. ?# W' _2 g% i# D# b0 I% E5 P. J12.0pt">: 9 B' E; k3 E/ D; [, r2 G1 h5 P"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: & E3 O7 ~* s4 F% } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * a$ c0 E+ g0 t# O9 C _0 v"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才* D) j- b, F( q( u# h5 O0 ]6 x: z9 v 12.0pt">, ! N3 N" d& [" Y5 f: O+ |"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 2 r" V" d( A: V5 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; . U) V) }1 r( f9 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 8 ]5 O% d( a0 c$ D4 x/ N0 f# b1 b5 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, / {, E; I* F; c& S* Q) O0 U7 c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + M; T7 r& b) A"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题! E, B% i/ Z8 @' L! P0 F4 a8 h- F12.0pt">; ' L+ r' o: Y7 E "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, ) R& p* Z5 a: l% R3 H8 C: P7 R& X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # H6 J5 q- Q+ s"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求/ H! L8 e% d3 G 12.0pt">: ! E( p- ?0 A; z+ G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; & ?2 {! g/ @; ]/ j) L5 p! hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, % p( |4 {( V! [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 7 j! ]0 s0 r. k, n! Q0 c/ Y; l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # Q @( i, W! z3 o L5 Z"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统6 L/ _; V3 [, u4 u# u2 ]6 E1 z 12.0pt">:

 

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, m9 X! W5 p$ k7 i; \" [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ & W5 q" J# z4 g6 ^! q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 9 r H' K& h! j: N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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7 ]* [" ?$ {7 m, U5 i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, 3 `% w) ^, l. c- W5 Z) U! ? z- T% [, B3 s# v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / d/ X1 p8 v7 I"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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( R' x3 @% ?9 J+ ]/ S/ K6 Q' v7 |' Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ' n4 W1 k. b3 C0 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 \, i4 N5 V7 W- }# ]! ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 2 j* z0 E$ [9 I8 @5 ~ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * y. l* _: C. r r"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, " {" a; C* w6 p, v# Y5 O) K+ Nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 0 u: M* u6 |9 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 p$ ~- j: l- N# w1 D8 U+ F"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 8 m& _5 r' h2 \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 5 u, A% ^9 p4 G& h1 q- z$ K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: : V" m. R! k, R8 F font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ) T8 a" C) x+ C+ ]8 B! b0 ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 4 a! Y: K5 N4 S3 O9 }. d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 5 P/ j4 s) F7 m9 X$ h1 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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# H# q+ `: R& B5 p9 K* N9 R; o& fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, D1 Z) R6 n$ g! b/ @; N$ L+ j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 d! g4 L/ e. y) @; W, X, E p& Y"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定9 R1 X' T0 X$ M$ }# g" n 12.0pt">, 2 x; v# M1 X+ v"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 X6 t6 L, x) M4 N# [* gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:1 A% A: k L3 E* L7 |% W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 9 w" ?6 r1 C* R% @0 X" O- s: j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, $ \: p% A* S4 Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, " k. s0 p" U5 u9 [4 L ?: z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, / A; ^* q0 u% f6 W, E1 l8 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 2 x- I, W! f& w6 a; l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ + }- M+ M& E2 Q* C$ T# B; p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, " _" C }% M9 o. _8 c4 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 V# {, O$ ]( {5 J, M"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊