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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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7 G, _9 ?/ C+ V3 ?Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第1 R+ P4 }6 |: [( J3 h9 ?5 i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：7 h3 i3 M, E0 |$ J. @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。+ E6 d' U# T, w2 ]
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。3 m# l) x- t6 o" \: S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经- C% @- H7 Y. a! Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">•6 J; }; {: { O- N, b( B* _2 {$ [" r
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) \2 V- k# w" M4 l2 K# smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。2 @" H1 k& ]0 M# U: ymso-font-kerning:0pt">
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/ I4 ] D$ j3 R3 Q# J8 v; f v; P @Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：6 ?6 p4 I! G$ W: @0 b0pt">“& m$ ^1 f/ T2 {8 ~
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？* y# w& t( F2 B5 O* }0 h
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，# ~3 m; @, h) Q5 }
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐8 _7 V* n% l+ d. B( x
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$ P, H8 ?3 s% gmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种3 Q1 }1 I# l* G% ^
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; P; T" Z A9 t1 Y* ~# gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的6 v* \! o& P# m, W- d* G, I( ~
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7 t+ `. r; X& e' @& Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，0 v7 X: o9 q3 x
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6 Q! ~8 k# H M1 I- N) I9 ?" B, k1 Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教( E. }, z; q* F4 G1 T' x/ umso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 j. n! M8 p5 S2 l6 A
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* ~- _/ h/ Z+ x H! O- w8 U- KTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌4 X% o5 X! ^( t9 @3 ?7 Z& j: }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视: N0 e) W* F+ H' A1 u) P* w6 u
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：$ `# A5 w- E/ y: N* h" n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。/ F6 ]1 w! g2 ~- s7 O. v
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+ ?- k/ ^& h5 { Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语7 P0 C: z, n Y+ ? y! `( C h
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8 w( d, ]( O" m5 ?7 J, N+ qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）4 t/ U- R# ?1 @7 h" s) d, {mso-font-kerning:0pt">“: e* }/ y/ X3 jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
9 p3 z- p6 [" |! Mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。- z+ w+ ?. m) ? j. cmso-font-kerning:0pt">”4 l( b: z8 J- M, d2 c6 B2 z" V: P' xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
1 u! o7 E6 ~1 V) Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语" @9 @( c- k8 I3 x6 dmso-font-kerning:0pt">•8 H( V0 |6 m) Y! _) Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过6 P6 ]* P! ?# d; d5 h
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* Y9 u# ^: I+ gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨+ V* M2 i3 n; G; Q- W. x7 K8 a! \mso-font-kerning:0pt">”0 q" C9 B* J- m. Q0 S/ C5 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
! I- U) `4 S# Y4 ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人, |# _! g2 A y" `. M; `: _9 |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。/ ?/ O, X* `, a% }8 c# Z: lmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。, c: c. i+ S, E8 t6 H/ cmso-font-kerning:0pt">"3 `; f q/ T% A# _
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1 l9 ^8 Z- \* I/ B* Y( ~mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。" L2 C. t9 V2 O% m; q7 W" j
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。( J: Y/ ^8 h2 t: M
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$ V6 r' K3 ]% @; @. Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃* M$ Q4 T; X, }4 X5 |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了” E& ^5 H6 t. c$ m+ O$ L/ xmso-font-kerning:0pt">——/ I5 A1 r, p5 j9 c- q0 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
; [2 M1 o- [. B( u: v' h$ f. x- tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。: a$ u, w E9 X# l2 ^
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. l6 ^ s8 |6 i# N- Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。4 f8 ?% I5 t: |7 Z" i7 f0 q7 W* jmso-font-kerning:0pt">”3 n* a- M" \, V: Z3 t& E
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$ f! p& X3 ~( n6 ]% L1 \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于! N6 c; z- C1 E5 v3 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">“* O, N" n0 D; M6 y- ^& Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 Z% @: \! Z7 }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨, D7 f" p5 l$ u9 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓: E7 d% R* m8 k. E* `mso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 f7 R/ _* s6 f$ |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
G m) v9 J8 ]! V' \2 V6 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴- [- n% D# Q+ @' g# f; j( v Z1 zmso-font-kerning:0pt">”9 a' v8 }7 ^# x) D
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9 ]( Y7 g* J( z+ R/ o& jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓0 B3 Q- d+ V: g; R. V
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观# r3 e( e4 ?" j; e4 ]# g
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/ L4 c+ i" n3 u( b4 B! ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓4 N8 h' t* T) F9 J# \5 c9 Ymso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ ~2 @' n$ H, B [ E- b. c, a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓2 b+ d$ t" v; @. S9 ?) Umso-font-kerning:0pt">“9 ~9 m5 [. \' `& k3 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;" a" r+ s: L/ O' {. y' W; R$ }
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨' x8 \' Q9 B0 \5 }( S! M* `6 Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">”' b2 L* `9 D$ M2 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
0 v& `& N, s1 s$ Y) h/ k* {% Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼5 u: g5 H( r, i# o3 ^% Imso-font-kerning:0pt">“% L0 e! C5 |2 ?. q( rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;8 ~" f5 n2 m C7 @- \) L# H
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤: ~! N: n, X. T6 M& r7 Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语' N4 d' v$ Q9 `- zmso-font-kerning:0pt">.0 c: z- Q' l( q7 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;/ h" v1 F6 l+ e' \3 f
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能$ F) m7 r! B* A* p Y3 [" ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 X0 l% G% I/ w. zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
4 ]" s0 f) a1 e7 n$ C1 gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒: d* e3 \) s' Y8 d% G t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人! C& l4 G9 J9 E$ h" _3 o
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2 K1 L/ \ B6 a! r+ p# Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪; a$ i( p- K! p8 y. X7 [: @1 Amso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ |! ^4 M. O& X' z8 m: jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。" v4 c0 @! @: C, Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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, B Y9 n* X) qTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。# V1 Q8 L' b7 O7 ^, {0 x
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智者见智，淫者见淫。有道理, D3 Z! d$ C5 K0pt"> 0 V. }" R- c0 O! S" M
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* a" N, ]- p9 JTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。- V! l7 e& {. K* t2 M0 E1 B
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是的，不但文稿晦暗，而且说服力弱+ Y/ `7 u4 ~ Y7 h( f4 u) q
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$ o* |) e! z- P3 ]: b0 NTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等. S: E) a+ ^0 f Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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6 u1 f, k* D# r3 {9 G5 r" rTahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英：1 P& w) ]: |1 R( j7 w' m0pt"> 3 C+ H: W# K8 j" ?; O) L; c
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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