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今日下午,《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课,我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块,也期待大家积极参与。这里,老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下:
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好,星期一下午有事未到,让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午,我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第$ _/ Q% \) `' j. t7 [7 H* i, Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">2: e; m& k3 T, q& A$ mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;" Z' |% Z: e" Z( A, v
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& e- \+ M4 l, qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。. p6 x, Z" u& b b+ R1 a2 qmso-font-kerning:0pt">" ( L+ H1 I8 f0 h. [1 K8 I3 ^
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5 Z+ P/ A! a/ g+ B" d+ `+ O3 uTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百:《诗经》实有三百零五篇,三百只是举其整数。% F% d+ M% i+ Z4 gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# l/ M$ G" a/ `( J0 v3 M* M% X
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3 ]1 k% r0 L, R. M" Q! j% F. Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">:概括。思无邪:《诗经4 y+ E; G5 D, e ?9 T; N) w- |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词,孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪:纯正,没有邪念。% a: n7 e0 k+ i( x* y
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* h( l& @* }* G. h7 V! t! Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇,用一句话来概括它,就是0 W8 M0 y5 [ X5 j7 w
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。4 T. m3 E- Z+ u( J
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# ^6 r r- C6 |4 q9 dTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问:孔子为什么极为重视诗教?, d ~" W/ a. n2 @% k! i
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1 l; P! T' c+ F- R# O/ S; ETahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答:本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过,吾道一以贯之,指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神,读书学习,重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之,就是一以贯之的意思,' R }, ?9 J T" s; smso-font-kerning:0pt">") H8 l! _' v; xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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2 I P b% O7 I4 h7 I% r6 Y1 Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐6 o% P- d! n* h% O/ J( ^10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”* y7 \7 }) |# w
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* j( g1 J+ s+ n" O1 I3 w( U3 nmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》),兴于诗,强调诗的教育之重要,所兴的是人的情感。立于礼,礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐,乐教的目的是使这种, m8 ~2 X$ c, j$ V0 Pmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# P8 B$ }! W# R# ]- }( c* Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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# H7 F7 A/ X1 ^mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐. o, z! X/ f' x f% e. ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">”; u, C8 Q$ X: a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等,诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁,孔子认为,就教化的功能而言,7 G2 ~: b. ?7 p5 q2 C( p. U
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9 P6 z1 ?) C$ F% C, Z V2 m5 mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教7 x6 {" Y9 y _, p1 O, \ \7 @
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G) ]+ P# y% A# }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教. I" w' o* x) ?
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。" g& T% [( G" ^( |/ O
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5 T) s5 b1 [6 a# P& q( a# vTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集,经孔子删订,收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌7 o8 `9 R- D/ t) |: Q/ b5 ~7 U# v
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, R( s0 A: a. D3 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视, P: w; f/ d( \6 Amso-font-kerning:0pt">“, @7 R6 E! N h4 R3 n T; F) ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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. E* y! G* Y% t) r- \6 v7 Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用,他说:4 H1 @; Y, d- m( v. ^% S Q% L# w8 S9 }
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' e# _' [6 K. P/ a, ~mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗,无以言。; b1 `' n5 W+ `' a. u+ f1 T P
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》). x4 Z( t2 z0 P8 }# t
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7 b% E0 f# ?8 pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨。迩之事父,远之事君;多识于鸟兽草木之名。; n" t6 _# D3 P a
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9 f- w1 s: A- [! C2 P: L |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语4 |4 o: ~$ l+ K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》)由此可见,孔子重视《诗经》的教育,一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识,二是通过* T, z/ T0 w" q8 u* ~) \# l: @
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨) a3 }$ a! U" z7 R2 q! I: J
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7 o9 \( r6 t3 o( }# A7 bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操,并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育,使人5 Q3 _6 v4 u' s/ v) G8 z
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, q! c; u2 p$ M, Z8 n pTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。& N& `* ?9 F1 h, b: cmso-font-kerning:0pt">——0 K% d+ k5 C0 C( a4 V
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' N: N$ a% o' v: o( Tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品,那时的社会风气是开化的,孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变,是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”6 M* S/ Z9 {0 a( Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">——. U0 ]1 l" D2 C2 q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑,没关系的。! Z5 ^5 K6 Q5 s; U5 x e3 d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观、可以群,可以怨。* }- s9 W D" A9 A+ |7 c( f) V
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓: i3 t; \' q. P6 X+ t+ _! ?
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" s6 l5 ^1 q q0 W% K. Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致,培养想象力;所谓5 q8 m* d$ r& c1 Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">“7 v+ q8 O$ }1 X$ [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;" h T8 Q4 F9 L# Q/ O
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6 i+ t6 L6 g7 U# F& k2 x; |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物,提高观察力;所谓0 ?3 u. i( Z8 Gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“" R$ B0 O8 f- e2 A& l( T1 x" ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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$ P- H; Q. M% g: z& Emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情,提高在群体中生活的能力;所谓4 V5 d2 ?" T0 P. p) X, Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 V- p5 d8 H3 C2 d3 w! M% ~8 {- b& Q1 }
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* C" _- i" H' H* b( n) ^$ x7 pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗还可以锻炼$ j" v- S: S. v6 h8 x/ j9 G
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1 ` Q/ `+ ^* Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》)的胸襟和品格,抒发心中之怨,而又能' q1 a8 O0 c# b' X$ h1 amso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ v% b9 ?" O3 d8 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;* m3 F# X/ \1 O, r% f n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》),恰到好处,合乎中道。总之,学诗可以使人8 n/ p. u8 h" i$ K- T$ Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">“ m, P: d2 F, ~. |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》),遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。$ d7 b2 O- B0 T5 p) b) `/ g4 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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9 U- `1 N! R: n1 iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊:群呢,就是说物以类聚,大家有共同的审美和爱好,对诗经有雷同的见解,于是呢,就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢,就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物,会生出点点怨气,怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活,从而激发斗志。$ \3 i! Z+ F1 s4 m: [: l9 r
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( C1 l) f% t; C! l6 STahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的,写文章,也需要提高文学素养,如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句,定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则,干巴巴的,没有文彩,读之无味。& ]- k( A# Z; G: ?. u" B [4 O& Cmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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