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今日下午,《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课,我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块,也期待大家积极参与。这里,老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下:
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好,星期一下午有事未到,让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午,我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第0 E' B6 h3 E. D" u6 D" w# f0 n) {mso-font-kerning:0pt">2/ @# R$ m5 [8 p. _6 u# Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 Y# p, U+ I& p& u; S4 ~& }
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰:+ o- w4 y+ g( ?& ]+ A: {, ymso-font-kerning:0pt">"# B- e8 V$ W- T# h2 H# jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
: c) f4 ` b7 N9 S W9 hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。, v# L( j' q3 S1 k$ B
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百:《诗经》实有三百零五篇,三百只是举其整数。6 _ a3 H* g1 {% G! l1 wmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% B# a8 q0 U4 V, r D) t6 l4 U* v
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- `( N" v$ E2 i6 o* Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">:概括。思无邪:《诗经 {3 f3 q+ }1 U+ [, |4 _mso-font-kerning:0pt">•0 h& W* u# F0 \: ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词,孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪:纯正,没有邪念。3 X4 A% {, @4 \: S9 R: x; @mso-font-kerning:0pt">
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- d0 O5 a6 E8 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇,用一句话来概括它,就是& O2 ?" z0 n6 B) y
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。1 ~- e2 `, j0 f; b" s) I
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问:孔子为什么极为重视诗教?6 M3 c/ o* d: _6 L& h
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0 J6 z/ j3 o( C; E- L" R$ n9 iTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答:本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过,吾道一以贯之,指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神,读书学习,重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之,就是一以贯之的意思,! _* g& ]/ r/ Q) Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">"+ P# Q6 H) U1 Q L/ f: ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;1 E# G1 T; s2 p
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; ?$ r0 r9 x7 v/ ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。% g+ n' ?8 ]+ \" X
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐- T4 s1 z3 W; i) e2 D
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》),兴于诗,强调诗的教育之重要,所兴的是人的情感。立于礼,礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐,乐教的目的是使这种9 S8 y$ k4 m' H( q: |4 z x" Smso-font-kerning:0pt">“, U9 z. d6 X8 p! m5 D" U0 I6 q) q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的& r& j. _3 ~6 P8 J0 n; {
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: z8 f2 g' ~9 nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐* x7 v0 M4 m" ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">”5 A) \6 L. A4 B+ g4 u- y7 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;9 F, e, t! [* o- P( {: |; E
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等,诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁,孔子认为,就教化的功能而言,3 h0 B) x* T$ T7 s! @8 h6 ^! _5 Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 g& u7 T; e6 K5 y- i5 h/ l0 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;$ I* l, A$ x2 l, Y9 w' G: c3 A+ s
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐教6 y( @# M$ q6 l6 d1 N, i7 Smso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ K1 Z* Q$ m( o1 h( ~, F4 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;2 u( d% h, \/ w
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1 \0 c" i7 S. W. j5 e' @mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教, x( m u( C# {
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6 e; h# X4 W4 U5 W* |) Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是一个人品德养成、人性完善的最高层次。% s" Q* Q2 ^8 W2 x( D* n* J `% Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集,经孔子删订,收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌6 ?) W+ s6 z" `' \8 r3 r+ E$ z2 t
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视" c- B4 Q; ~4 k$ [5 U. a: I6 b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用,他说:6 a+ _5 I, y+ j0 _
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( w4 z8 m/ d9 `8 v1 D5 C tmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗,无以言。+ `' s% M& C$ e- L& Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">”6 x9 J) N: \% {6 [
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) l# w" b% R) T" M3 \: Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语, S2 m% i S' d2 ~# Qmso-font-kerning:0pt">• `3 e4 f8 }& R' l( R5 R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》)8 H) U1 k! K6 e4 v2 i) g8 Y: b
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨。迩之事父,远之事君;多识于鸟兽草木之名。8 n) |, ^8 o7 `6 j+ _4 p7 f W
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6 M" @0 J" `% lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语( f% V' a i# Y. u/ y; x
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* d. o" w% }, a7 _1 w, Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》)由此可见,孔子重视《诗经》的教育,一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识,二是通过/ Q) p8 S# t' [4 h1 ]- ]8 M1 \) j
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨0 U8 n1 d9 b$ } _( b; N' ?9 V
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* H* E3 T- n4 p; w& P. g; D l5 `5 [mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操,并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育,使人8 Z5 `- A J: u) tmso-font-kerning:0pt">“. _) v5 r: ]: ?, T% M) Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。4 L: T5 |! X9 i/ j' Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百,一言以蔽之,曰:思无邪。9 @% z: A# c, Y! d! R N
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解:诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。) v+ E& k$ T! i4 }mso-font-kerning:0pt"> 6 _3 L0 g9 i* J0 u
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/ F/ {2 ~9 ~+ D4 BTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇,用一句话来掩盖,就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女,女想男,教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊,就说,人家的思想是很纯洁的。# b% \! O0 L7 d u8 k0 }3 s' S e# `
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0 b z* h, T4 C' ^0 vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">歪批3 i7 p7 m! S8 V1 ~/ Y; Z+ Z! E
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9 P8 D8 F& I/ V4 Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品,那时的社会风气是开化的,孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变,是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了” P. y7 R8 W, {. L6 B$ emso-font-kerning:0pt">——6 ^; J) \$ T$ C7 I/ C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑,没关系的。$ K' L. h- `$ J$ J
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9 e( {* i, X+ ^. Y( y9 k# m% imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗,可以兴,可以观、可以群,可以怨。' n; x7 `( a! g: l; y2 omso-font-kerning:0pt">”4 C1 O3 c. S4 D; y
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% I) \. `4 e$ _, i1 a9 {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于 |6 m) F" E' Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) n. i7 C+ f2 l. E
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓* Q$ {; B, g, }2 gmso-font-kerning:0pt">“* Q7 t: \ f9 N! _* j" E: R" g ^
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6 W( z6 O2 e- ~- t A# emso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致,培养想象力;所谓# M' l5 N' z. X( y' ]
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1 T* C! d1 T7 Y, y. F, Fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物,提高观察力;所谓* t, c( K% J& e; C0 d! Y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情,提高在群体中生活的能力;所谓0 z9 v1 N* \" p' _" A. B! {7 tmso-font-kerning:0pt">“! ~- c- {# R3 e/ B
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. p6 O4 M, W0 P' W/ t5 cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨2 e/ E5 r) ~+ X! t- k, {, |. i8 omso-font-kerning:0pt">”$ [9 ?6 O3 l: {$ P$ G9 T
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">,就是说学诗还可以锻炼; Y7 h6 D# f' f; F9 u' Q+ {
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/ L+ h$ ]- l, t7 L2 R9 }; {% dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤% o& H4 q6 d5 Y0 Bmso-font-kerning:0pt">”! g- h8 u5 n3 Q8 C4 S( m$ a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《论语6 h- Z O. R6 r7 r& {. ~# X1 E! i
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》)的胸襟和品格,抒发心中之怨,而又能7 A) D9 E/ Y& |: y) P' V* W/ I2 Emso-font-kerning:0pt">“# i9 |; X$ t7 J* Dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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: [% S7 p$ _: m, Bmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">(《朱熹 h+ r' d4 ]) u2 }, ]* y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》),恰到好处,合乎中道。总之,学诗可以使人0 u. j8 O/ M' @4 umso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 D" U' G: P; o# j# b
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7 [# K1 R( D2 Z5 umso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》),遐思而纯正,宁静而致远。: D; V2 F3 p! J0 ], R+ [* Omso-font-kerning:0pt"> 4 U2 b* ^3 v* U* |
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊:群呢,就是说物以类聚,大家有共同的审美和爱好,对诗经有雷同的见解,于是呢,就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢,就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物,会生出点点怨气,怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活,从而激发斗志。% I2 o; B6 Y; Q$ J% pmso-font-kerning:0pt"> Y& Q, T$ T0 i' Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我们领导基本把稿子中的诗句都略掉,不读,也许在正式场合没有习总的温柔劲吧( `/ w7 y/ \% O1 E5 Imso-font-kerning:0pt"> : T" ]5 \) B C. r& Z p% y) J b3 B
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3 x3 l# a. h3 @ j/ }+ D3 jTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨,是否也指怨刺,有着对社会的不满和抨击,比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等 h5 l5 Z2 n% Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英:5 J9 ^+ H z2 A
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊,大家看看习总的语言风格,文学素养深厚,值得学习。
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