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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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0 f9 T3 w% a1 p2 i0 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, & _+ N+ i- n" [* h6 ]1 c 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, . S- Z1 k# W/ p8 Z3 r5 [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* O! l5 g- i4 c8 \7 r# E1 m "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 7 F1 l+ K5 U, d: _* S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,* k, c' A1 ]& x, k( l0 C: H, j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 O+ N6 c$ N# n" L) N! m"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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4 h7 B1 W% g' o/ }2 u# i; ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 5 P# g: k# L7 t" v# w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, % @$ W6 A2 w1 `! j& B5 t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ }& z& @3 G9 ^ Z "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, : i, h* a" h8 C9 { K; @( W# u5 D& o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, u9 x( k' p4 ~. H, g( H% g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, . G7 |3 h8 Y# T! Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) B4 R# Y! X7 j! V2 \$ C; u"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 7 k" Y& B# _ O, e! M: `; Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 4 A1 c k( v1 Y. R- p: A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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# \' P# m0 M6 T$ i+ n; T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, " K, ?; Z: @7 T A& D: H5 v9 i) ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 v8 A( b) W" S* k"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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+ l$ T7 D1 a- P0 X* ^+ g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, % x3 v' [* Q6 k2 d) @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 8 w' w8 I, }$ b* ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 0 Q! t# J9 [* g) h N: d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 7 X- h: y5 o! Q+ Z, b* a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” . f3 Q/ m% S: R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 7 x2 y. f6 S* q* Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 a% ?8 T! \& y" \* c, H/ H"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ?0 s9 t+ J( V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, / j9 \: t. [& h/ ~1 N- b; \3 Z( _9 c( P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! b: E' Q( k+ }; m "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 7 C# B" x0 A* H0 E6 |6 n. _; o( l! M1 G- Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, / A7 T' s, G# \/ X) l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; ?: R, B: r- o7 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ R/ ^7 g3 `. _/ b R "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, & x8 X& t- r( I+ a; a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ; x9 f' F3 M; @; s: gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 l# C! i2 |0 ~0 Y! q; r+ w# ~ "Times New Roman"">“ ' m7 d6 @. ]- s' W0 q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . r7 X# d. y i; b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ! x7 p j$ Z9 k! H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ; k) ]' k7 m- I* S( sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: ~8 s; k6 U$ G! K "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:8 e! ?, R! H3 x5 f, X% K 7 z7 c: T% R3 I1 F" L1 O- k' s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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% y! n3 R+ d0 I. [* P; omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ; c% e. `: d9 z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, ) O9 x1 G3 }% j8 m' h$ j2 C N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 V& T' c! x- {5 o+ I' q "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, $ t: M! X% a' _, l' R/ j0 O. n* e4 E. W1 X# ?( \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, : V4 _5 j% X9 s# D) {; U% Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: j1 |" Q: Z" o "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ' q6 K. K% G" V! g; J: \1 M% N mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 2 C: ]3 Z( ^6 K' G4 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 h6 b0 O2 I+ D) j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 6 a! f4 b( v, _/ ]( ~8 z! h: W. R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(3 |) F+ ?, Y4 `3 ~/ ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), & h8 E7 D/ q H7 [4 zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + Y! w8 B% N- H2 l) P1 i( ^"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用0 V) _, \$ n; X/ b6 |4 M12.0pt">, 2 U, {$ @+ P$ O8 _! R1 ? "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ' E. z: J7 o+ i% t' K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " u& g8 p) t8 _$ ]8 w g! a- Y( v"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 9 ]5 a7 w. f8 K2 [- a' w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 U. F# {% ?( x' h* H* _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 7 D( Y8 ]$ m$ q2 p/ S- o4 ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 x/ T7 ]7 Z2 k8 h p7 c0 B( {0 o"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ( a% K2 m& O( Y0 B9 w2 \+ N# Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 9 R; m/ W2 \4 Z" ]( o2 k" X5 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ' R4 T* n$ W" b. ?) J* q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - B- ?" R4 I% I# }"Times New Roman"">“ " U' a2 N4 i9 m/ `1 \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”$ B! _/ U' Y4 w12.0pt"> ; J: ? _# G$ _- u2 \3 B "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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# W0 s# `8 Y' B7 N: G& H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % o0 C: x% v. z1 q' w& ?3 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, / N6 j* c4 u5 o5 K+ ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 C9 v# {6 `0 t"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 F: m0 j6 K8 H- B( }( { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ' I6 j, q# F! F/ B2 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 5 q! h7 B: H7 y2 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. i, r" N- k6 e8 s "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ - h8 v4 [- O6 \, K# l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” - I1 b1 H) R0 K) D I. C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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% {; Z: \+ P/ |) `- I7 x1 W$ D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 5 } B8 A! p5 |9 {, u* k9 r* w* S# }/ Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - L+ L0 r- ?$ g* Z* W2 K2 h0 T"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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. f% Z- H% K/ O0 ^' v) x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 5 R8 a" c* w8 V2 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, , h j5 H d! afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , i8 r! I% U- V$ i5 s) m9 u"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,, E' k" o, `) u9 `* q6 ] + K0 u: h5 @8 N/ {7 n% [/ a- v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 2 F8 ?( b4 W3 \. y! @9 `/ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ n1 u; i, M# x& j9 R. A/ A "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,0 P( l" ]# _6 Z( V% F! @) x. o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, # y' }; l3 m* o3 H# @1 w; E2 G) Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: U* F% r5 e5 ?" g2 U" w "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题* w/ V3 D6 w. _# W" Y12.0pt">: % m' s( q$ ]' Q" X5 f "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 7 D% [7 D7 ~8 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 p3 g" v( M0 j$ ^3 {"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 {) h; \4 h' O2 I& h 12.0pt">, 0 u5 O- A& V# i% e* q2 q8 R; N& S "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 6 F/ m1 l* c1 Z: `: G' K; s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : @. P9 U/ J* `* X; m" V"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 3 K& t) s( v% B+ Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 5 O w2 `8 E. o9 \5 O. @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, # g5 ~( d, ^# d& O& Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( U" f; q+ x8 X5 s! b) a"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题. N' h. G* r2 j! Z+ F 12.0pt">; $ p5 ]9 a" C* F) T; ^: h- R. j5 c( V6 u"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, . @- H/ v( q6 | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * h u2 ~. M6 g$ k+ I C"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求; @/ N& L' G4 i' \: I/ N9 U; K 12.0pt">: 7 ?$ ~4 ~# X2 p6 D' w. u4 P9 A1 R "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 7 S! a! |, Y! u. x% _& sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, i6 i* U- L3 ^6 `8 b7 d7 W$ P "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, % x8 Q- @6 F& T% C: v( w' f, i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, / m% Y6 @- U+ a0 \1 E. T0 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % q% W% y5 M( Z/ @) l( ]1 `+ |/ @"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, D! h- C8 T% y4 e 12.0pt">:

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& i' ~* \3 H( I7 A; L$ e mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ - z7 B9 H3 i7 O3 P0 h/ z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 6 }3 H) k2 |4 p: A7 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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" B- J& d8 f- C, A) p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,9 q( p( ^6 H/ V 8 ?+ q" @! U" C: u( |2 t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& L$ Y& ~3 c) b5 D$ r "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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- q+ ^% T! Y! a% y! ]4 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ( _! U% }4 L, }! N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / L' g+ _+ y5 k& p+ J1 h"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, , e! e3 L7 ~& k2 t- u, | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, . q0 s } h/ A6 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " x4 `2 x& u* K" }" `' a( l. Q"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, F( b3 g O$ I- c% h8 o6 a- D, o5 O( Q3 v$ m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, * e& o/ F) \: P' M% w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 ?$ M5 M2 |8 p8 Z* W" C "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 0 Q* o2 e |2 H" omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, b9 y( k. c; j6 S4 S6 [1 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 1 E: p: i8 a, u8 v+ cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 D! r# v/ W0 e7 O6 _ "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, # d! O" B) R) qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, ! g- b1 [6 V! ~* h2 b7 B h, t, q, \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % t1 d+ }. J3 Q0 k. M2 m/ f"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, + E7 A4 z7 |8 `* M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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h7 t% n& J @) o% r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,( q1 W) S( z8 \7 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' E* A+ {. C% t* H "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定7 J+ `. Y/ s; n) T2 H& n, h7 M1 M12.0pt">, 7 Q l: J( Y0 g "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 4 ^, g% t: `- n5 C* S3 |/ {* N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 {5 C7 n7 [# ?"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:- r2 s" X5 h$ N! v4 f% I" ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, * r. H# e7 d0 L, D0 Z3 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, & O4 t4 W' A! tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * a$ P8 Q4 Z' Q1 v1 z& S& O c"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 1 a5 E0 P" x% Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, : ^* G6 ~& w, i' o0 K+ Z: a$ ^/ w; i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ ]& t! S0 C. j: k( i, ]& W* Y "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 C/ e' T: B. u# }2 G7 K) j. [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 0 Z, C0 E8 g5 w& i0 e) L" g+ `9 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, % }7 _0 e2 V$ \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: } N! c4 Z& k; @' B1 p- I0 S3 g "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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