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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 9 q: Z: G. A( x! S' i& A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, , g8 B% ]- d# \% D7 F" \
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: v3 U. Q4 D0 A U! o"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, & ~) P: w) x; `1 p2 J( S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,2 M$ p7 ?' ]1 r. I. r* cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% }: D" s2 `: J8 k0 g/ |
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 4 g; _" i9 i# D9 Z" E
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 3 `5 z/ [$ ]( ~0 m1 E
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ; q$ ?6 p( e" }* g0 i7 y$ z$ N8 w
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! _: w6 V7 }8 ~5 s A9 k"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 0 l# N- t7 J2 U2 W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 7 g [) Y! A% R) V3 K1 I5 ^1 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 |5 B1 v: d: @! e% U- l: i9 T) {
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 8 B4 a2 a2 _6 C% w9 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' Q( K" r Q Y4 f; P3 k. m' r1 v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 + f8 Q2 h& Q" ]* \4 e
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) G2 C: X3 z1 M& s0 @6 Y"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构 1 D+ x5 x) ^+ ]# }- B2 D
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1 x* K1 b$ r3 P5 r7 R' s5 _7 J5 p7 h% [) O' K
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 v* P* @+ G4 q, n `; q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 4 s; W: N+ c4 H0 B2 [; @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” & U( e# ^9 l' C1 Y5 t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ * e* ~1 b6 t% t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” * d' A0 d8 W6 K" M2 v0 K" v6 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 5 j- J$ U& g) z- S1 b. f: f( q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 m$ C1 \( a. B9 \, A5 P0 `# p"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 3 Y3 J/ D; f F9 D! g, J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 0 Z. `" s3 U7 P
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 K7 {/ I. D3 [
"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
0 V; |( ^2 |( n1 d! o, F0 o. x/ w2 n/ s5 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, " P" W/ x- _5 |- R1 N4 p0 c: m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 7 @! K7 t/ l0 F; }
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 ~% @0 Y# e! h"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ( h: c% T7 a4 S1 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: . R. l5 m3 _. E6 g$ }* [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: I' b- x7 ~" W
"Times New Roman"">“ " J5 d* r- R d3 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? , m( n n' J' x j3 J7 M5 u/ o- I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 6 Z$ ?' m' [1 U I# f5 ^
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, - H; i3 c$ c9 x8 o% c& N- }
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" Z8 G' ]0 U( r0 o/ V8 U4 |* t/ v
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 3 b1 x# G1 Y, v+ N% B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, - R0 s" ]* @+ h( h0 U
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 u i2 l( J7 y* Y"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
9 s# t. c1 e# I1 t6 D7 d- S3 q, V `9 Z5 W& c1 i& d4 Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, F$ X, g# y$ B. ?" h# _+ rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
Y; [- {# m( |7 E0 G$ j6 M"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 8 e( Q Y8 }* qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 + G0 _& i( {6 z0 m
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 C; e4 U+ x: a! S. P2 |$ M
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 1 l) b( i" I8 e% S9 D" K2 Y
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(' z2 U' M7 h# b6 M+ m# @# A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 2 e6 x- T: g+ P7 b
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 V. [% X+ m1 _; m: j$ \ v
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用) _/ p" F6 `7 L5 [- O( Z8 d
12.0pt">, # ]5 o: s/ V3 I- V
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 3 [$ _1 b, H& a7 F/ G8 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
3 k1 J+ @2 G4 d5 R( @% A% r"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, # C, ? `4 f1 g( D: F+ M
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!, q3 _0 {. c7 W1 v* Q0 H
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 b# n# C z- }! k
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* {" C$ H8 ~$ G9 j4 g"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ; @$ q1 a! K/ g# z' |9 Z1 \: cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 2 \- [( a8 K$ w$ t, P+ N7 Y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, , {/ D% k) i. h1 A( @( mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, `5 i3 G& S+ b
"Times New Roman"">“ : o) C# [% c b( i1 ]$ Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”; k0 I8 p) s: _# I3 w7 B12.0pt"> 2 B- `3 Y& j( q% ]9 S( d1 `& q( D
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 6 d* B6 p; u2 F& ]: G
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, & a; q# @$ ~: t: c1 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ A. i% t, h* m! t' |
"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 6 I+ N6 e- f+ B3 G+ C3 J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, . Q. x: ~5 m$ v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, # f5 v7 e7 [8 D8 ]/ L: nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! Q7 w) A, p M, g1 I3 y' j. C% l"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ + J0 B: ~/ r, A$ Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 1 F' l; X/ K% D; D* K/ T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。 3 z# ^- ~7 U) b0 B4 I1 R. D8 ]8 }6 R
7 q! Q" x0 n2 a' x4 q) ~! B0 g ; K( H9 _' {5 _- _' g; X. d
) ]7 |9 P$ A# Q ]- [* [: Z$ w; i. `& K* J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,, F5 Q& L$ s# Z; E3 X2 o
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 5 l+ b" g8 A: ^7 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 3 m' B* O' p" H8 A) u7 \! a
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 ~# g$ y5 }5 m/ g, W/ L# e+ f0 H
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, % |0 h# {/ [, B. z& y# B) c4 O6 ]9 I* D3 gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: }' K' Z8 N7 W0 j0 s# M
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,* s% E( o+ C3 ]! G( V. _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 z' Y, y3 K, M8 [' G% afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( G+ E N7 f* M0 R2 S' F"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题) ~ C' f+ d4 Q! ]3 f' d' T, g1 @
12.0pt">: % C3 @1 _# O- n; U: R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 6 | V+ M) Y( |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" |9 i% r! d+ e& a; L5 b"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才9 J: B5 H/ _) \12.0pt">, , F, @6 T0 {9 w0 V5 B: G
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, & O; r3 A1 a8 x) R" Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! G6 A8 k3 w% y+ s
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + l& T6 W- a) J& K7 |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, $ M; V4 z* z4 z [& x
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; V7 V$ K+ {' G X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ Y! x2 g7 f# V2 a"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题! W w n, b/ V" s12.0pt">; ( g* ]. @% @$ F"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 0 s" C- }3 p; X. s- p9 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' ^4 p. R# }/ s
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求: [& @9 Z" F# p8 g" |& @
12.0pt">: Y1 j/ f8 C6 P+ l e9 f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 0 g1 b r) h3 [% \: mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 z, J# b L. b/ ^/ J* N' D! _
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 5 C& p" @) G J* d
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 8 L$ S: o5 @7 V
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ t [* k( `( ^; s
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. I' E9 O, L* }5 O
12.0pt">:
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7 Q& }9 p0 A* z$ m6 w( m- h8 s5 ?3 N; P0 smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 8 a) v5 A. p2 ^! o: ]( H% T9 T
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 2 C' S2 v* B' j
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕 6 r* H V, R9 E" @+ X: G, }; c
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 8 j) z: O) v+ j9 c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,6 T/ h: s6 b9 E" _3 B
" W/ P7 K# S5 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 M; {$ A8 G- X3 z8 P z7 o"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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) V0 M9 Q. l2 z/ x% ]( C& y8 a' a! Z4 _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, - U& @6 A+ h6 S( u6 W& Z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
% \- A6 _- y( I"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, - _- ~. h. P1 ?( C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 9 P: [7 I) J$ H. E+ Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% O8 M8 {3 ~1 I& M) U6 ]
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
, \9 Q1 L# g. J# K+ p$ k4 u$ j/ A) {0 ~% N" ]: X9 g+ w- D8 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, - N \. r0 r. B/ }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) u5 L: |; |) P1 r: O"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, + h8 H6 x- D; z7 r8 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, : ^2 J4 p! }' l; k: t$ j# P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: : d* c p# I+ a* R N- G
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- N$ k. Z+ a! A) k"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, - d' [* t( H+ y G5 k. ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, * @) m$ ]/ S+ l bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) f+ y5 K/ j2 W% `
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, , U5 ?5 ^4 g/ y! E' L$ u9 i' V
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 1 r7 Y, d; f' O6 w+ i
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5 S3 s2 x- S" k& L" I _! v, H; K) X8 F
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,3 x0 ~6 O: q- b i- Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 [2 m; W. g) {4 e& L" ?- m1 g* ?"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定! y. q4 t; A4 s5 U% E# m% F
12.0pt">, 1 Q& }( e. x. w k+ F9 g/ R3 k"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / r2 D, k3 K. B. D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
% S6 A/ V' j6 _1 ^( X! A"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:, d% W- I* b6 [* _# m$ b
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, " j4 U7 O6 E' \! z# j+ n
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 1 p7 q+ ]4 O [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 _7 t* u4 j& m
"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, # l7 |, B k4 |: }5 Z( lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ) A+ V; }: @2 S a; m# T
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
7 N @3 g5 j, I8 p$ T) y( {"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ' U- W+ I+ W" z$ h$ Z) O宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ , d8 r8 [1 J0 Z, p* w) a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 2 E: s8 j; C, S
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]* b' g( H" I5 l, ?0 a8 Q"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊 |
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
300x180 AD
