漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

: V4 u8 x: C, [* _8 ^' q+ Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, + S. r4 P- U: ?9 ]- J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 9 ]0 G- @7 o$ `5 p6 Q/ v4 y/ y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 i. b& ]% z! l7 m, x/ q: m"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, " _- x' d0 a+ j* P X! C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,' J, ]" |2 |8 n% J5 {& ~0 C. Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

( I! r* { X4 Q# L$ |% ?1 i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / u; G: ~2 E- m1 M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, * ?0 S" G. [. }8 x1 P' y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 0 U# q6 u! r( m' I/ _. d& C+ U& O% ^1 R8 O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, + A" k4 }* N9 P7 y# ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 5 y: p0 D ]% W7 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - t, p4 n/ y9 t1 m"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ! n8 v o3 e4 m) G5 U# Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 0 J8 }5 z: |1 r, W& Y: i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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, L; l" X, w- C6 ~1 o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 2 I4 E) \& p- u2 F6 Q9 M. ~7 {' C; O& t1 h8 h0 x. D6 d. G1 k, hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( j8 D9 h; K# q! F"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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2 q1 E Z; n( h) u( g4 @, v' M( M- rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, * B" J0 T. C3 U/ X$ J% Q W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ - y; ~6 O% s2 y* e. Y3 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” - F/ D+ n7 h- a2 I/ C+ l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ! t. ^3 z. [" R3 R1 B. y( |+ y3 S" g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 8 f- O% O5 j; _! {6 k8 d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, : K" v# X, o' s& r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: m6 h: i4 M- W+ c5 C( ^"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 4 Z, M" C' k- W' X& i nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ' U8 U6 ~6 A E2 j7 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, / ^$ \; g& \5 Y& }) ^$ Y' ]8 g& N9 \/ z/ F' S! J7 R/ y% T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, & p( ?7 E! N6 i( l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ' k/ J& x( C j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . `3 F0 R- [( g1 p% w) @"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 5 G z6 r: c3 R5 U5 p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: & F8 p: c& g) e) d$ } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! u. u# f9 e5 H, w6 Y/ d"Times New Roman"">“ $ Y$ M! I) A8 X# g5 k/ e! R4 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? , D2 R' {9 J l; B2 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 0 G: c7 Y/ i: L! i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, _- Y U% y7 u0 l2 a, L) R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 V, C+ H4 J* g: f& j"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: * p+ H, ?3 F- Y* ^# Y, `3 ?& E' r: j, m# a: @+ umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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' M4 `+ P4 \- p9 ^$ {( K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ! C+ `( B, _* U% r, f; F. h8 q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, . I, @3 u0 ], e2 `0 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % ~' k+ y4 A5 ^2 t- r4 |"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ( w. u% P0 K7 o O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, . w; N# p( V6 q3 O v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 6 s! z1 k7 ~8 _% G( qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 9 G; Q J# c4 [/ G; x9 O& p% Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里5 x9 w: p0 S6 w3 L( Z& Y, pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 # D+ U" i9 I9 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(* X4 r' x. y X8 ^9 Z2 |8 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # Y. a% E" {( r! U( b. e- E5 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( Y1 s6 T8 X' v w"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用" Q$ p. ~3 `, T% m 12.0pt">, - @& f7 u4 Q; u8 n6 n "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ( P- ?6 h+ K. O" `- t0 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 Z9 [, W' m* C- F4 o5 l3 w7 m2 O"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 0 @. l& T% a7 ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!; z% A( t2 p8 P! L; Y8 I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 0 w: {. l% P% c9 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 a. T% ]4 |1 | w0 ^$ `"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: : |% O T; H2 n- a+ O, T7 bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 0 ?3 ~2 i) u9 N% q% w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ; O% R- P; B9 B, P5 s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 Q6 E" b# A( p"Times New Roman"">“ 3 G* d* e6 D# w( g7 Y) j9 x; Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”, E+ _7 M9 D) X! B* [9 a 12.0pt"> . _3 _* q" V2 h. i0 o- \3 }: I "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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# S& @6 f: I i0 B" Z' d) C3 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % N5 }8 K8 O. b5 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 J% e0 A2 K" [* X1 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # w' V3 d8 C8 |; X0 f"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, , D- { r8 x. A, |7 R. V1 W mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, , K( t9 ^: ^4 N$ s+ K 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, . l7 s3 a8 [, P" j4 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . _4 M) m9 N; r( |7 O6 L: q C"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 4 r( i; {. @: z; E, w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” - ^4 n& |( b$ X7 P9 y! n/ k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

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. z) d3 z# Q& C! r+ ]6 o% M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ! P8 I4 `$ X% W1 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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. k* k r- g+ m- s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 4 C! O( x4 h3 e8 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, " o* \* W- n L% Z5 p; N0 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ) f6 T+ T, y6 S) Y' z( x4 E) `7 l; a2 {: t' S, I) ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! t$ m1 B$ ] O- }/ Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! t8 K x% k0 I* d; k' `8 S' T"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,7 g! t" K- T2 x9 A9 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ( G) |5 z' O0 m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; d" G; d3 u5 ?1 {"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题4 `1 c( `0 [6 |4 G12.0pt">: ' w# ]& t% }' A- P8 U- I "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: . B# k* t" G5 A" }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才1 E4 K9 Z7 K9 Q2 X12.0pt">, * E! w$ e: J F! i2 d! H8 s5 D "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, # W: _% A) J3 g- X$ d1 j0 B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 8 y7 Q6 L* E% R$ T) o' g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, " T' J8 `0 d" ~ A+ o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ) h) [% I0 e) _8 L% w; N: Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : \1 ?1 l7 E: f) N) P( U$ d"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题1 d* Z9 Z a2 k 12.0pt">; # a" c! A# |; \- H- D' ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, # R4 h7 J4 O5 X! M: xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " C/ u" S# G, k. S"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求- N% i3 z! d, [5 l7 [9 Z+ J12.0pt">: 8 g3 J; S4 g- K" S "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; . i8 G, |5 o& S. T: c& `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ) r' H9 F: o) y% a. A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + C& A3 Y% x y4 h6 E9 C2 Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统8 F& o. |- [; O% @. C 12.0pt">:

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" \& ^- P2 m0 u" u- S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, & J: U+ e. O H/ r8 W# q% Q- ] y) z6 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! @; A6 r7 T& P4 R4 Q( @"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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F5 U0 \8 v# V# d+ `/ l0 h2 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, # g W; Y7 w1 F' |9 x: x: Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, * D; {5 R' T8 F+ j0 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, " N' K8 @1 i/ G" j* u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, % R y; m/ g0 U( g6 `! {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, * ~6 _$ u4 m8 ?6 r7 a# G1 } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 5 @1 y( c% i4 Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ' Q# x9 t1 O0 N& X" I7 b4 v% A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: " r% I. M- y0 v: P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : j- P" U; w- |"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, * E3 W! I x8 q7 {- j3 H% K5 ] mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 4 Q1 @8 m! b- J! t+ E# m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 m: s L' T5 [/ e" b+ j5 Z1 e"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, " N A9 l G) V7 a3 f' ?. {) v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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4 L& S( I: ~! Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,$ {4 r5 y- H5 x2 J( S& j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' ?/ g- o ]& ~2 F4 b6 V"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定# @& K! R% K6 | 12.0pt">, 7 U, `3 _5 |& q9 T9 x" p "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, # ?+ i4 z4 l; [; ~& @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如: X) s+ h# I+ \1 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, + l$ i. ], [" q | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 0 I6 }2 e/ }' R2 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: g( M9 [3 @) `3 T3 u% H, Y7 f: L; R7 x3 A"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, v- x6 s3 s6 U) j) ^0 t2 rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 9 o) _9 P, k1 r7 q8 c% S! n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 6 u7 H) p2 X! ?3 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ . a* n3 q4 R% J0 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, % J; V" L2 |& g4 \6 p5 S' [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 _' n7 C `! w+ E2 e* K+ U"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊