漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

* O4 y% H" f2 V9 A( j4 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 8 _' h0 O" |5 k y- O9 }0 u! H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 4 T4 N6 G4 G" g* N9 w# p. ]9 O1 n3 W% ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 {! O# o n D3 N) x"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, # K( q6 E/ h7 K6 \$ d! a( W4 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,7 ]% Z1 r; M' `& H0 w: ]) ]/ c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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) Q4 p, R% F1 o- r @6 x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, " {( ~$ L# c' b/ ]8 A: h9 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, " c8 J) v4 y1 o* R( g* O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 7 h- [! }8 A1 _* u: ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, + n5 [6 s2 v+ w2 D( l r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, : y& k8 J% c2 z3 V9 K/ h3 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 9 V4 F$ f. f; ^: n+ \3 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 9 e8 ]$ A B7 F s; e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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' a4 M9 e- K5 e- Q8 W) K; u: g7 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, . B) M2 X: g+ X7 Q+ } v, a* [6 A7 I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & A" o+ r# ]: U! L"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

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' r( U* X4 O, ~1 u/ T3 P0 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 R9 M9 I2 K3 ]9 K( o- e+ h) F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 1 U% V" ~* d0 h- j0 S; I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 4 P( o- V b: l" n8 k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ " W4 _' P: M" k- E4 e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 8 @% V: A! o4 }& \0 s) ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 7 R4 ]- |; q: [% `0 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! \4 |3 M# U( a' f, g0 M"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 6 W8 }; q$ w' {8 i6 r ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, * ~; ~: l# e0 U1 v$ ]) D9 f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / p, G7 `/ ~+ _"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, % k, C1 T! q, P+ B9 f6 X) smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, / W* y: O% W) `5 `: x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 5 y: ^( B, f# G. q5 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 0 z- V |3 F! d8 C; }; q$ s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 0 `! j; ]6 ]+ J) d+ yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ % S6 M6 O3 t; Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ) S' i! D1 ?# y( _* k5 | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” / L$ P# E1 h) u% y7 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, - P3 z8 [5 ^" ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; V" a0 t6 m# b"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 8 i9 n* q, Y' r, H: s, {1 d3 C( R% O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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) L( p2 [( Y$ U( f$ W8 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 3 U0 K8 P! X+ N+ ]- r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 8 h/ \* `* y. y' ]+ k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, * v+ u$ B: B5 O8 }( @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, T. z/ W( w, ]5 e! w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 z/ V* W6 z3 c5 f8 A1 ^"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - e/ j# U% B! i2 w! Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 % q$ w' Q6 m: ^1 U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里$ z9 Q) P& z9 w4 r1 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 0 M: j' M$ C) f( m7 G O: Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(& ], n7 i, T$ a6 ?8 n5 ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 3 D/ l4 O5 ^( ^/ H; T; @* z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用) _8 i& z: w& _3 a0 H5 }4 E12.0pt">, 8 [$ ~, d; A1 ? "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ; r% H" z: I" {5 F0 Y; z* V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , X6 S! h. k4 R' h- g- l"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, * A; ^" E7 N6 w) G0 Z8 ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!; q2 M3 p, c: d( P% I6 b! T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, " n/ p! S, u" Y6 h& v6 m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , R) B2 Z8 m+ G" w"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: # r6 `. K" {8 ~# q/ J2 o" H$ |$ bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 4 b# B n: l) @' t6 F# X( J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ! X8 i; h: x1 x7 o8 `) Y) zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 j# f' T* n8 i1 m7 [* T$ r"Times New Roman"">“ 9 R; ~3 K0 W( O, A7 i7 q$ Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”' p8 A. P; j: c7 ^7 p12.0pt"> . c/ d' o+ }/ N) Z; v! P4 ~"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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3 m5 P7 X" N$ E$ o6 Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 3 t. \/ O$ U$ l) x& A- w/ V w. `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 O! C: A i( d# B! o, {# X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 S% {: T0 ^7 a# |1 R, f; t5 @"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 R. s8 ^+ y3 d, K6 F$ B+ n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, : Z% W! \5 e- E$ r# I# a, E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ) K7 o9 k( m: l* d, f$ ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * G4 t! }) n9 n8 b9 l"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 3 p/ [; L) _9 E% D- D! { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 3 [- j9 K8 u/ m: I9 b p 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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; ^& ]. D: X) O V# h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, 8 w% }9 ?4 \8 @! o( e, G+ U. a7 t, V0 f$ a$ V' }# B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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! H2 Z; A: f2 g6 p4 n n U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 3 f0 E: c8 X! p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 6 q# a1 Z0 ^+ o- z9 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 ~3 N- D0 r! J- Z2 U" r+ j6 Q"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ' X/ o, ?! H3 u6 h% H. Q9 r' p$ J& `0 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 9 U9 e. y: Q% E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ Z9 d$ k& h1 s5 A1 }, r"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,4 h6 u! N# @7 o! H- V1 k宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 ?/ |8 ^! Y! |8 D9 a. z* | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题$ ?: |7 l- v7 C+ C9 E8 o3 f/ s% O# z 12.0pt">: 3 ?9 w$ T& U# q* R"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: / z! N; h" r# P- h* y& P: M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才3 m! d. F( `; g* Z12.0pt">, 3 _+ R- S' {; g/ l "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, + g5 H9 e) r: N1 h! C2 ]1 O8 t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 @2 Y' [0 h- A, U"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; + @% g3 S% G# l, ~* S6 m, d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, . _2 y8 S0 f! e* F- ~4 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, * G$ x* S, r9 R) [. ]) i font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题# E% d; _. C9 E3 J1 K5 u 12.0pt">; 7 q5 J8 a$ W6 W. U* G% G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, : Y, z; I5 ^" z7 F2 c5 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求8 z% C6 q; A( h; m5 D8 g- D: j, U; N" \ 12.0pt">: - L( w8 p+ p) Y1 ^. U% s) q) h; D "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 7 x; H9 V. z+ q( _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, - E Y3 O6 {& Q- u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 6 }5 ^0 j4 E! r& lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - W! B8 \8 e6 L5 b' X ?"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统) E2 Y6 Z! |7 H5 ~/ \8 w: ] 12.0pt">:

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1 U; x2 O+ r0 G! {7 f$ _8 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 Y0 W2 y; D5 w2 k1 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 4 x' U: \* S9 `( P; ~8 L7 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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% f- r2 I- k! T& |% t% W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, + L: r$ B1 L) N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , |2 I# p C/ M9 [) P0 o' r"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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, v4 I+ }+ [' i+ Y2 zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & p7 e' f& Q6 H7 [, Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - M' I% v s0 W3 |9 }1 P' E"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, # ^, B8 K4 j, {6 j6 A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 8 L- _ y$ I! _4 \% L; C8 O% R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , X# v: F+ X' F. J, _& [* m"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 1 E5 q: ]7 K0 w, X& H- b9 s, m8 i# g% G2 r$ H; c( r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ! y! |. ~. ?8 [# [) Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " D* E# T; e$ s$ _$ c7 J8 ^"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 1 k6 o; C: y9 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, * B+ c8 Z" w1 F) X H9 T. S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 6 v: r! k- `9 Y7 Q8 P3 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, & P; ]" @0 V0 hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, - l9 }4 T6 F8 e0 @2 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . D' x* |! g3 V J"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 1 i) {5 T' u2 u' [$ J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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) i# j) H0 [" V- umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,$ ~+ l3 g: A, Q3 D1 N) B( c5 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定2 b! g4 K: [; B 12.0pt">, 0 L! S# ?9 }1 Q/ g8 m"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, ! ]1 @0 Z7 H' Y ]; y& D- Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 `6 ?+ T( |* A) _( u+ C"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:4 A Z5 P2 p3 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 3 b R/ h% \" J) V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 8 D) R3 @9 A1 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 2 p$ _& Z& V8 R9 S# e7 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 2 h2 @' z! j: g6 S3 r" {3 H8 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ( E% i6 q% Z% F0 _( X0 O2 y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 0 u' N$ O2 x. k) n; i2 C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ( r0 |: g U8 U: M$ I t) B3 @* Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! }8 p) ?0 Q( j"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊